molecular formula C24H27NO5S B1681588 Troglitazone CAS No. 97322-87-7

Troglitazone

Numéro de catalogue: B1681588
Numéro CAS: 97322-87-7
Poids moléculaire: 441.5 g/mol
Clé InChI: GXPHKUHSUJUWKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Attention: Uniquement pour un usage de recherche. Non destiné à un usage humain ou vétérinaire.
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Description

La troglitazone est un médicament antidiabétique et anti-inflammatoire appartenant à la classe des thiazolidinediones. Il a été initialement développé pour traiter le diabète de type 2 en améliorant la sensibilité à l’insuline. La this compound a été brevetée en 1983 et approuvée pour un usage médical en 1997. Elle a été retirée du marché en 2000 en raison de son association avec une hépatotoxicité grave .

Applications De Recherche Scientifique

Troglitazone has been extensively studied for its applications in various fields:

Mécanisme D'action

La troglitazone exerce ses effets en activant les récepteurs activés par les proliférateurs de peroxysomes (PPAR), en particulier le PPARγ et, dans une moindre mesure, le PPARα. Ces récepteurs nucléaires régulent la transcription des gènes impliqués dans le métabolisme du glucose et des lipides. La this compound diminue la production hépatique de glucose et augmente l’élimination du glucose dépendante de l’insuline dans le muscle squelettique. De plus, elle possède des propriétés anti-inflammatoires en réduisant l’activité du facteur nucléaire kappa-B (NF-κB) et en augmentant son inhibiteur (IκB) .

Composés Similaires :

Unicité : La this compound a été la première thiazolidinedione introduite pour un usage clinique, ce qui en fait un pionnier dans cette classe de médicaments. Sa structure unique comprend un cycle chromane, qui n’est pas présent dans les autres thiazolidinediones. Malgré son retrait, la this compound a fourni des informations précieuses pour le développement de médicaments antidiabétiques plus sûrs et plus efficaces .

Analyse Biochimique

Biochemical Properties

Troglitazone works by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). It is a ligand to both PPARα and – more strongly – PPARγ . This compound also contains an α-Tocopherol moiety, potentially giving it vitamin E-like activity in addition to its PPAR activation . It has been shown to reduce inflammation . This compound decreases hepatic glucose output and increases insulin-dependent glucose disposal in skeletal muscle .

Cellular Effects

This compound improves insulin responsiveness in skeletal muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes by facilitating glucose transport activity, which thereby leads to increased rates of muscle glycogen synthesis and glucose oxidation . This compound has been shown to induce apoptosis in various hepatic and nonhepatic cells .

Molecular Mechanism

This compound’s mechanism of action is thought to involve binding to nuclear receptors (PPAR) that regulate the transcription of a number of insulin-responsive genes critical for the control of glucose and lipid metabolism . This compound is a ligand to both PPARα and PPARγ, with a higher affinity for PPARγ .

Temporal Effects in Laboratory Settings

In a 6-month, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, this compound was found to significantly improve HbA1c and fasting serum glucose, while lowering insulin and C-peptide in patients with type 2 diabetes . No signs of hepatotoxicity were apparent at 2 weeks of treatment .

Dosage Effects in Animal Models

Prolonged administration of this compound can superimpose oxidant stress, potentiate mitochondrial damage, and induce delayed hepatic necrosis in mice with genetically compromised mitochondrial function .

Metabolic Pathways

This compound decreases hepatic glucose output and increases insulin-dependent glucose disposal in skeletal muscle . Its mechanism of action is thought to involve binding to nuclear receptors (PPAR) that regulate the transcription of a number of insulin-responsive genes critical for the control of glucose and lipid metabolism .

Transport and Distribution

This compound contains the structure of a unique chroman ring of vitamin E, and this structure has the potential to undergo metabolic biotransformation to form quinone metabolites, phenoxy radical intermediate, and epoxide species .

Subcellular Localization

Given its mechanism of action involving nuclear receptors (PPAR), it can be inferred that this compound likely interacts with these receptors in the cell nucleus .

Méthodes De Préparation

Voies de Synthèse et Conditions de Réaction : La synthèse de la troglitazone implique plusieurs étapes clés :

Méthodes de Production Industrielle : La production industrielle de la this compound suit des voies de synthèse similaires, mais à plus grande échelle. Le processus implique l’optimisation des conditions de réaction pour maximiser le rendement et la pureté tout en minimisant les sous-produits. Des techniques de pointe telles que la chromatographie liquide haute performance (HPLC) sont utilisées pour la purification .

Types de Réactions :

Réactifs et Conditions Communs :

Principaux Produits :

4. Applications de la Recherche Scientifique

La this compound a fait l’objet de nombreuses études pour ses applications dans divers domaines :

Comparaison Avec Des Composés Similaires

Uniqueness: Troglitazone was the first thiazolidinedione introduced for clinical use, making it a pioneer in this drug class. Its unique structure includes a chroman ring, which is not present in other thiazolidinediones. Despite its withdrawal, this compound provided valuable insights into the development of safer and more effective antidiabetic drugs .

Propriétés

IUPAC Name

5-[[4-[(6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydrochromen-2-yl)methoxy]phenyl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione
Source PubChem
URL https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Description Data deposited in or computed by PubChem

InChI

InChI=1S/C24H27NO5S/c1-13-14(2)21-18(15(3)20(13)26)9-10-24(4,30-21)12-29-17-7-5-16(6-8-17)11-19-22(27)25-23(28)31-19/h5-8,19,26H,9-12H2,1-4H3,(H,25,27,28)
Source PubChem
URL https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Description Data deposited in or computed by PubChem

InChI Key

GXPHKUHSUJUWKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Source PubChem
URL https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Description Data deposited in or computed by PubChem

Canonical SMILES

CC1=C(C2=C(CCC(O2)(C)COC3=CC=C(C=C3)CC4C(=O)NC(=O)S4)C(=C1O)C)C
Source PubChem
URL https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Description Data deposited in or computed by PubChem

Molecular Formula

C24H27NO5S
Source PubChem
URL https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Description Data deposited in or computed by PubChem

DSSTOX Substance ID

DTXSID8023719
Record name Troglitazone
Source EPA DSSTox
URL https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID8023719
Description DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology.

Molecular Weight

441.5 g/mol
Source PubChem
URL https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Description Data deposited in or computed by PubChem

Mechanism of Action

Troglitazone is a thiazolidinedione antidiabetic agent that lowers blood glucose by improving target cell response to insulin. It has a unique mechanism of action that is dependent on the presence of insulin for activity. Troglitazone decreases hepatic glucose output and increases insulin dependent glucose disposal in skeletal muscle. Its mechanism of action is thought to involve binding to nuclear receptors (PPAR) that regulate the transcription of a number of insulin responsive genes critical for the control of glucose and lipid metabolism. Troglitazone is a ligand to both PPARα and PPARγ, with a highter affinity for PPARγ. The drug also contains an α-tocopheroyl moiety, potentially giving it vitamin E-like activity. Troglitazone has been shown to reduce inflammation, and is associated with a decrase in nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and a concomitant increase in its inhibitor (IκB). Unlike sulfonylureas, troglitazone is not an insulin secretagogue.
Record name Troglitazone
Source DrugBank
URL https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00197
Description The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information.
Explanation Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode)

CAS No.

97322-87-7
Record name Troglitazone
Source CAS Common Chemistry
URL https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=97322-87-7
Description CAS Common Chemistry is an open community resource for accessing chemical information. Nearly 500,000 chemical substances from CAS REGISTRY cover areas of community interest, including common and frequently regulated chemicals, and those relevant to high school and undergraduate chemistry classes. This chemical information, curated by our expert scientists, is provided in alignment with our mission as a division of the American Chemical Society.
Explanation The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated.
Record name Troglitazone [USAN:INN:BAN]
Source ChemIDplus
URL https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/?source=chemidplus&sourceid=0097322877
Description ChemIDplus is a free, web search system that provides access to the structure and nomenclature authority files used for the identification of chemical substances cited in National Library of Medicine (NLM) databases, including the TOXNET system.
Record name Troglitazone
Source DrugBank
URL https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00197
Description The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information.
Explanation Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode)
Record name Troglitazone
Source EPA DSSTox
URL https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID8023719
Description DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology.

Melting Point

184-186 °C
Record name Troglitazone
Source DrugBank
URL https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00197
Description The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information.
Explanation Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode)

Synthesis routes and methods I

Procedure details

Following the procedure described in Preparation 58, 120 mg of 5-[4-(6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2H-chromen-2-ylmethoxy)benzyl]thiazolidine -2,4-dione (prepared as described in Example 32) were dissolved in 4 ml of methanol and, in the presence of 40 mg of 10% w/w palladium-on-carbon, it was reduced under 3-5 atmospheres (about 3-5 bars) pressure of hydrogen, to give the title compound. The melting point and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of this compound accorded with those of the compound obtained in Example 27(b).
Name
5-[4-(6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2H-chromen-2-ylmethoxy)benzyl]thiazolidine -2,4-dione
Quantity
120 mg
Type
reactant
Reaction Step One
Quantity
0 (± 1) mol
Type
reactant
Reaction Step Two
Quantity
4 mL
Type
solvent
Reaction Step Three
Quantity
0 (± 1) mol
Type
solvent
Reaction Step Three

Synthesis routes and methods II

Procedure details

A mixture of 9.6 g of ethyl 3-[4-(6-acetoxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl]-2-chloropropionate (prepared as described in Preparation 51), 1.8 g of thiourea and 11 ml of sulfolane was heated for 3.5 hours at 120° C. under a nitrogen stream. 100 ml of ethylene glycol monomethyl ether and 70 ml of 10% w/v aqueous hydrochloric acid were then added to the reaction mixture, after which it was heated under reflux for 12 hours. The product was then purified as described in Example 27, to give the title compound. The melting point and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of this compound accorded with those of the compound obtained in Example 27(b).
Name
ethyl 3-[4-(6-acetoxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl]-2-chloropropionate
Quantity
9.6 g
Type
reactant
Reaction Step One
Quantity
1.8 g
Type
reactant
Reaction Step One
Quantity
11 mL
Type
reactant
Reaction Step One
Quantity
0 (± 1) mol
Type
reactant
Reaction Step Two
Quantity
100 mL
Type
solvent
Reaction Step Three

Synthesis routes and methods III

Procedure details

3.1 g of 5-[4-(6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-ylmethoxy)benzyl]-2-iminothiazolidin-4-one [prepared as described in Example 1(a)] were added to a mixture of 45 ml of acetic acid, 15 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and 8 ml of water, and the mixture was reacted for 12 hours at 85°-90° C. It was then processed and purified in a similar manner to Example 1(a), giving 2.5 g of 5-[4-(6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-ylmethoxy)benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione, whose melting point and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum were consistent with those of the product of Example 1(b).
Name
5-[4-(6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-ylmethoxy)benzyl]-2-iminothiazolidin-4-one
Quantity
3.1 g
Type
reactant
Reaction Step One
Quantity
45 mL
Type
reactant
Reaction Step One
Quantity
15 mL
Type
reactant
Reaction Step One

Synthesis routes and methods IV

Procedure details

15.5 g of 5-[4-(6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl chroman-2-yl-methoxy) benzyl]-2-iminothiazolidine-4-one, prepared by the process as described in Example-1, was added to a mixture of 225 ml of acetic acid, 75 ml of conc. hydrochloric acid and 40 ml of water and the mixture was refluxed for 12 hrs. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and 66.2 g of sodium bicarbonate was added and once the evolution of carbondioxide had ceased, the solvent was distilled off applying high vacuum. A 10:1 by volume mixture of benzene and ethyl acetate was added to the residue and the crude product was washed with a mixture of equal volumes of a saturated aq. sodium bicarbonate solution & water. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and the solvent was distilled off. The resulting crude product was quickly eluted from a silica gel column with 50% ethylacetate-hexane to furnish 12.5 g of the required 5-{4-(6-hydroxy-2, 5, 7, 8-tetramethylchroman-2-yl-methoxy) benzyl) thiazolidine-2,4-dione (Troglitazone) with a HPLC purity of ~67-70%.
Name
5-[4-(6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl chroman-2-yl-methoxy) benzyl]-2-iminothiazolidine-4-one
Quantity
15.5 g
Type
reactant
Reaction Step One
Quantity
225 mL
Type
reactant
Reaction Step Two
Quantity
75 mL
Type
reactant
Reaction Step Two
Name
Quantity
40 mL
Type
solvent
Reaction Step Two
Quantity
66.2 g
Type
reactant
Reaction Step Three

Synthesis routes and methods V

Procedure details

A mixture of 70 g of ethyl-3-[4-(6-acetoxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl]-2-chloropropionate, 13.12 g of thiourea and 80.2 ml of sulpholane was reacted for 80 min., under a nitrogen stream at 115°-120° C. Subsequently, a 656.2 ml Acetic acid, 218.7 ml conc. hydrochloric acid and 109.4 ml water was added to this and the resulting mixture was further heated for 12 hrs at 85°-90° C. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and 196.8 g of sodium bicarbonate was added and once the evolution of carbondioxide had ceased, the solvent was distilled off applying high vacuum. A 10:1 by volume mixture of benzene and ethyl acetate was added to the residue and the crude product was washed with a mixture of equal volumes of a saturated aq. sodium bicarbonate solution & water. The organic layer was dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and the solvent was distilled off. The resulting crude product was quickly eluted from a silica gel column with 50% ethylacetate-hexane to furnish 40 g of the required 5-{4-(6-hydroxy-2, 5, 7, 8-tetramethylchroman-2-yl-methoxy) benzyl) thiazolidine-2,4-dione (Troglitazone) with a HPLC purity of ~67-70%. The elution of column was continued further to yield 5-[4-(6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-yl-methoxy)benzyl]2-iminothiazolidine-4-one with HPLC purity of ~70%.
Name
ethyl-3-[4-(6-acetoxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-ylmethoxy)phenyl]-2-chloropropionate
Quantity
70 g
Type
reactant
Reaction Step One
Quantity
13.12 g
Type
reactant
Reaction Step One
Quantity
80.2 mL
Type
reactant
Reaction Step One
Quantity
196.8 g
Type
reactant
Reaction Step Two
Quantity
218.7 mL
Type
reactant
Reaction Step Three
Name
Quantity
109.4 mL
Type
solvent
Reaction Step Three

Retrosynthesis Analysis

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Strategy Settings

Precursor scoring Relevance Heuristic
Min. plausibility 0.01
Model Template_relevance
Template Set Pistachio/Bkms_metabolic/Pistachio_ringbreaker/Reaxys/Reaxys_biocatalysis
Top-N result to add to graph 6

Feasible Synthetic Routes

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