Sitagliptin
概要
説明
- 特に、シタグリプチンは、安全性のプロファイルが高く、低血糖の発生率が低く、体重増加が最小限であるという利点があります .
シタグリプチン: は、ジペプチジルペプチダーゼ-4（DPP-4）阻害剤のクラスに属します。2型糖尿病の管理には、単独でまたは他の経口糖尿病薬との併用で用いることができます。
作用機序
DPP-4阻害: シタグリプチンは、グルカゴン様ペプチド-1（GLP-1）やグルコース依存性インスリン分泌促進ペプチド（GIP）などのインクレチンホルモンを急速に分解する酵素であるDPP-4を阻害します。
GLP-1とGIPの増加: DPP-4を阻害することにより、シタグリプチンは活性型GLP-1とGIPのレベルを高めます。これらのホルモンは、グルコース依存的にインスリンの分泌を高め、グルカゴンの分泌を減少させます。
臨床効果: 2型糖尿病患者では、シタグリプチンはHbA1c、空腹時血糖値、食後血糖値を低下させます。
類似化合物の比較
独自性: シタグリプチンは、2型糖尿病の治療に用いられた最初のDPP-4阻害剤として独特です。
類似化合物: 他のDPP-4阻害剤には、ビルダグリプチン、サクサグリプチン、リナグリプチンなどがあります。
生化学分析
Biochemical Properties
Sitagliptin plays a crucial role in biochemical reactions by inhibiting the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). This inhibition prevents the degradation of incretin hormones, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). By maintaining higher levels of these hormones, this compound enhances insulin secretion and suppresses glucagon release, thereby improving glycemic control .
Cellular Effects
This compound affects various types of cells and cellular processes. In pancreatic beta cells, it enhances insulin secretion in response to meals, while in alpha cells, it suppresses glucagon release. This dual action helps to regulate blood glucose levels more effectively. Additionally, this compound has been shown to improve beta-cell function and survival, which is crucial for long-term diabetes management .
Molecular Mechanism
At the molecular level, this compound exerts its effects by binding to and inhibiting the DPP-4 enzyme. This inhibition prevents the breakdown of incretin hormones, leading to increased levels of GLP-1 and GIP. These hormones then bind to their respective receptors on pancreatic cells, triggering a cascade of signaling pathways that result in increased insulin secretion and decreased glucagon release .
Temporal Effects in Laboratory Settings
In laboratory settings, the effects of this compound have been observed to change over time. Studies have shown that this compound remains stable and effective over extended periods, with consistent improvements in glycemic control observed in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Long-term use of this compound has been associated with sustained improvements in HbA1c levels and beta-cell function .
Dosage Effects in Animal Models
In animal models, the effects of this compound vary with different dosages. Low to moderate doses of this compound have been shown to improve glycemic control without significant adverse effects. At higher doses, some toxic effects, such as gastrointestinal disturbances and renal impairment, have been observed. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing dosage to balance efficacy and safety .
Metabolic Pathways
This compound is primarily excreted unchanged in the urine, with minimal metabolism occurring in the liver. The minor metabolic pathways involve cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP3A4 and CYP2C8. These pathways result in the formation of inactive metabolites, which are then excreted in the urine and feces .
Transport and Distribution
This compound is transported and distributed within cells and tissues through various mechanisms. It is a substrate for p-glycoprotein, which facilitates its transport across cell membranes. Additionally, this compound has been shown to enhance the translocation of glucose transporter-4 (Glut4) to the cell membrane, improving glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissues .
Subcellular Localization
This compound’s subcellular localization is primarily within the cytoplasm, where it interacts with the DPP-4 enzyme. This interaction prevents the degradation of incretin hormones, allowing them to exert their effects on insulin and glucagon secretion. The localization of this compound within the cytoplasm is crucial for its inhibitory action on DPP-4 and subsequent regulation of blood glucose levels .
準備方法
合成経路: シタグリプチンは、さまざまな化学的工程を経て合成されます。一般的な合成経路の1つは、アミノ酸誘導体（3-アミノ-1-アダマンタノール）とシアノアセチル誘導体（シアノグアニジン）の縮合を伴います。この反応により、シタグリプトンのコア構造が生成されます。
工業生産: シタグリプトンの工業生産には、最適化された条件を使用した大規模合成が含まれます。このプロセスには通常、医薬用途のための高純度シタグリプチンを得るための精製工程が含まれます。
化学反応の分析
反応性: シタグリプチンは、酸化、還元、置換反応など、さまざまな化学反応を起こします。
一般的な試薬と条件: 特定の試薬と条件は、必要な変換によって異なります。たとえば
主な生成物: これらの反応で生成される主な生成物には、シタグリプトンの中間体と最終誘導体が含まれます。
科学研究の応用
化学: 研究者は、シタグリプトンの反応性、安定性、および他の化合物との相互作用を研究しています。
生物学: 生物学的研究では、シタグリプトンのグルコース代謝、インスリン分泌、および膵臓機能への影響が調査されています。
医学: 臨床試験では、血糖値の管理と糖尿病に関連する合併症の予防における有効性が調べられています。
産業: 製薬会社は、糖尿病治療薬の開発にシタグリプチンを利用しています。
科学的研究の応用
Chemistry: Researchers study sitagliptin’s reactivity, stability, and interactions with other compounds.
Biology: In biological research, this compound’s effects on glucose metabolism, insulin secretion, and pancreatic function are investigated.
Medicine: Clinical trials explore its efficacy in managing blood sugar levels and preventing complications associated with diabetes.
Industry: Pharmaceutical companies utilize this compound in the development of antidiabetic medications.
類似化合物との比較
Uniqueness: Sitagliptin is unique as the first DPP-4 inhibitor used for type 2 diabetes treatment.
Similar Compounds: Other DPP-4 inhibitors include vildagliptin, saxagliptin, and linagliptin.
特性
IUPAC Name |
(3R)-3-amino-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-6,8-dihydro-5H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7-yl]-4-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butan-1-one |
Source
|
|---|---|---|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI |
InChI=1S/C16H15F6N5O/c17-10-6-12(19)11(18)4-8(10)3-9(23)5-14(28)26-1-2-27-13(7-26)24-25-15(27)16(20,21)22/h4,6,9H,1-3,5,7,23H2/t9-/m1/s1 |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI Key |
MFFMDFFZMYYVKS-SECBINFHSA-N |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Canonical SMILES |
C1CN2C(=NN=C2C(F)(F)F)CN1C(=O)CC(CC3=CC(=C(C=C3F)F)F)N |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Isomeric SMILES |
C1CN2C(=NN=C2C(F)(F)F)CN1C(=O)C[C@@H](CC3=CC(=C(C=C3F)F)F)N |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Molecular Formula |
C16H15F6N5O |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
DSSTOX Substance ID |
DTXSID70197572 |
Source
|
| Record name | Sitagliptin | |
| Source | EPA DSSTox | |
| URL | https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID70197572 | |
| Description | DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology. | |
Molecular Weight |
407.31 g/mol |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Physical Description |
Solid |
Source
|
| Record name | Sitagliptin | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0015390 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Solubility |
3.40e-02 g/L |
Source
|
| Record name | Sitagliptin | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0015390 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Mechanism of Action |
Inhibition of DPP-4 by sitagliptin slows DPP-4 mediated inactivation of incretins like GLP-1 and GIP. Incretins are released throughout the day and upregulated in response to meals as part of glucose homeostasis. Reduced inhibition of incretins increase insulin synthesis and decrease glucagon release in a manner dependant on glucose concentrations. These effects lead to an overall increase in blood glucose control which is demonstrated by reduced glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)., Januvia is a member of a class of oral anti-hyperglycemic agents called dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. The improvement in glycemic control observed with this medicinal product may be mediated by enhancing the levels of active incretin hormones. Incretin hormones, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are released by the intestine throughout the day, and levels are increased in response to a meal. The incretins are part of an endogenous system involved in the physiologic regulation of glucose homeostasis. When blood glucose concentrations are normal or elevated, GLP-1 and GIP increase insulin synthesis and release from pancreatic beta cells by intracellular signaling pathways involving cyclic AMP. Treatment with GLP-1 or with DPP-4 inhibitors in animal models of type 2 diabetes has been demonstrated to improve beta cell responsiveness to glucose and stimulate insulin biosynthesis and release. With higher insulin levels, tissue glucose uptake is enhanced. In addition, GLP-1 lowers glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells. Decreased glucagon concentrations, along with higher insulin levels, lead to reduced hepatic glucose production, resulting in a decrease in blood glucose levels. The effects of GLP-1 and GIP are glucose-dependent such that when blood glucose concentrations are low, stimulation of insulin release and suppression of glucagon secretion by GLP-1 are not observed. For both GLP-1 and GIP, stimulation of insulin release is enhanced as glucose rises above normal concentrations. Further, GLP-1 does not impair the normal glucagon response to hypoglycemia. The activity of GLP-1 and GIP is limited by the DPP-4 enzyme, which rapidly hydrolyzes the incretin hormones to produce inactive products. Sitagliptin prevents the hydrolysis of incretin hormones by DPP-4, thereby increasing plasma concentrations of the active forms of GLP-1 and GIP. By enhancing active incretin levels, sitagliptin increases insulin release and decreases glucagon levels in a glucose-dependent manner. In patients with type 2 diabetes with hyperglycemia, these changes in insulin and glucagon levels lead to lower hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and lower fasting and postprandial glucose concentrations. The glucose-dependent mechanism of sitagliptin is distinct from the mechanism of sulfonylureas, which increase insulin secretion even when glucose levels are low and can lead to hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and in normal subjects. Sitagliptin is a potent and highly selective inhibitor of the enzyme DPP-4 and does not inhibit the closely-related enzymes DPP-8 or DPP-9 at therapeutic concentrations., Sitagliptin is a DPP-4 inhibitor, which is believed to exert its actions in patients with type 2 diabetes by slowing the inactivation of incretin hormones. Concentrations of the active intact hormones are increased by Januvia, thereby increasing and prolonging the action of these hormones. Incretin hormones, including glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), are released by the intestine throughout the day, and levels are increased in response to a meal. These hormones are rapidly inactivated by the enzyme, DPP-4. The incretins are part of an endogenous system involved in the physiologic regulation of glucose homeostasis. When blood glucose concentrations are normal or elevated, GLP-1 and GIP increase insulin synthesis and release from pancreatic beta cells by intracellular signaling pathways involving cyclic AMP. GLP-1 also lowers glucagon secretion from pancreatic alpha cells, leading to reduced hepatic glucose production. By increasing and prolonging active incretin levels, Januvia increases insulin release and decreases glucagon levels in the circulation in a glucose-dependent manner. Sitagliptin demonstrates selectivity for DPP-4 and does not inhibit DPP-8 or DPP-9 activity in vitro at concentrations approximating those from therapeutic doses. |
Source
|
| Record name | Sitagliptin | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01261 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | SITAGLIPTIN | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/7516 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
Color/Form |
Viscous liquid | |
CAS No. |
486460-32-6 |
Source
|
| Record name | Sitagliptin | |
| Source | CAS Common Chemistry | |
| URL | https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=486460-32-6 | |
| Description | CAS Common Chemistry is an open community resource for accessing chemical information. Nearly 500,000 chemical substances from CAS REGISTRY cover areas of community interest, including common and frequently regulated chemicals, and those relevant to high school and undergraduate chemistry classes. This chemical information, curated by our expert scientists, is provided in alignment with our mission as a division of the American Chemical Society. | |
| Explanation | The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated. | |
| Record name | Sitagliptin [USAN:INN:BAN] | |
| Source | ChemIDplus | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/?source=chemidplus&sourceid=0486460326 | |
| Description | ChemIDplus is a free, web search system that provides access to the structure and nomenclature authority files used for the identification of chemical substances cited in National Library of Medicine (NLM) databases, including the TOXNET system. | |
| Record name | Sitagliptin | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01261 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | Sitagliptin | |
| Source | EPA DSSTox | |
| URL | https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID70197572 | |
| Description | DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology. | |
| Record name | (3R)-3-amino-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)-5,6-dihydro[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazin-7(8H)-yl]-4-(2,4,5-trifluorophenyl)butan-1-one | |
| Source | European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) | |
| URL | https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.217.948 | |
| Description | The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) is an agency of the European Union which is the driving force among regulatory authorities in implementing the EU's groundbreaking chemicals legislation for the benefit of human health and the environment as well as for innovation and competitiveness. | |
| Explanation | Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page. | |
| Record name | SITAGLIPTIN | |
| Source | FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS) | |
| URL | https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/QFP0P1DV7Z | |
| Description | The FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS) enables the efficient and accurate exchange of information on what substances are in regulated products. Instead of relying on names, which vary across regulatory domains, countries, and regions, the GSRS knowledge base makes it possible for substances to be defined by standardized, scientific descriptions. | |
| Explanation | Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required. | |
| Record name | SITAGLIPTIN | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/7516 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Sitagliptin | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0015390 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
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Retrosynthesis Analysis
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Strategy Settings
| Precursor scoring | Relevance Heuristic |
|---|---|
| Min. plausibility | 0.01 |
| Model | Template_relevance |
| Template Set | Pistachio/Bkms_metabolic/Pistachio_ringbreaker/Reaxys/Reaxys_biocatalysis |
| Top-N result to add to graph | 6 |
Feasible Synthetic Routes
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