Cloroquina
Descripción general
Descripción
La cloroquina es un fármaco sintético que se utiliza principalmente en el tratamiento y la prevención de la malaria. Descubierta en 1934 e introducida en la medicina en la década de 1940, la this compound es miembro de los derivados de la quinolina, una serie de agentes antimaláricos químicamente relacionados . Es eficaz contra las cepas susceptibles de los parásitos de la malaria Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale y Plasmodium falciparum, así como contra ciertos gusanos y amebas parásitos . Además, la this compound se utiliza en el tratamiento de enfermedades reumáticas inflamatorias como el lupus eritematoso y la artritis reumatoide .
Mecanismo De Acción
La cloroquina ejerce sus efectos a través de varios mecanismos:
Acción antimalárica: La this compound inhibe la acción de la hemopolimerasa en los trofozoítos de la malaria, evitando la conversión de la hemoglobina en hemozoína.
Acción antiinflamatoria: La this compound modula la respuesta inmunitaria inhibiendo la producción de citocinas proinflamatorias e interfiriendo con la presentación de antígenos.
Aplicaciones Científicas De Investigación
La cloroquina tiene una amplia gama de aplicaciones de investigación científica:
Biología: Emplea en investigación de biología celular para estudiar la autofagia y la función lisosómica.
Medicina: Extensamente utilizada en el tratamiento de la malaria, el lupus eritematoso y la artritis reumatoide.
Análisis Bioquímico
Biochemical Properties
Chloroquine interacts with various enzymes, proteins, and other biomolecules. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to UV detectors is the most employed method to quantify Chloroquine in pharmaceutical products and biological samples .
Cellular Effects
Chloroquine has exhibited a broad spectrum of action against various fungus, bacteria, and viruses . It has been identified to have severe gastrointestinal, neurological, cardiac, and ocular side effects, which are commonly related to Chloroquine dose and treatment time .
Molecular Mechanism
Chloroquine and its analog, hydroxychloroquine, have similar chemical structure and pharmacokinetics properties . Both drugs cross cell membranes well . Hydroxychloroquine is more polar, less lipophilic, and has more difficulty diffusing across cell membranes .
Temporal Effects in Laboratory Settings
The main chromatographic conditions used to identify and quantify Chloroquine from tablets and injections, degradation products, and metabolites are presented and discussed .
Dosage Effects in Animal Models
The occurrence and intensity of side effects of Chloroquine are commonly related to its dose and treatment time .
Metabolic Pathways
Chloroquine is involved in various metabolic pathways. The main chromatographic conditions used to identify and quantify Chloroquine from tablets and injections, degradation products, and metabolites are presented and discussed .
Transport and Distribution
Both Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine cross cell membranes well . Hydroxychloroquine is more polar, less lipophilic, and has more difficulty diffusing across cell membranes .
Métodos De Preparación
Rutas sintéticas y condiciones de reacción
La síntesis de cloroquina implica la reacción de condensación de 4,7-dicloroquinolina con 2-amino-5-dietilaminopentano . La reacción procede a través de los siguientes pasos:
Reacción de condensación: La 4,7-dicloroquinolina reacciona con 2-amino-5-dietilaminopentano para formar this compound.
Extracción por alcalinización: La mezcla de reacción se somete a una extracción por alcalinización para aislar la this compound.
Concentración y cristalización: La this compound aislada se concentra y cristaliza para mejorar su pureza.
Salificación: La this compound purificada se salifica entonces con ácido fosfórico para producir fosfato de this compound.
Métodos de producción industrial
La producción industrial de this compound sigue rutas sintéticas similares, pero a mayor escala. El proceso implica:
Síntesis a granel: Se utilizan grandes cantidades de 4,7-dicloroquinolina y 2-amino-5-dietilaminopentano.
Extracción y cristalización continuas: La mezcla de reacción se somete a una extracción y cristalización continuas para asegurar un alto rendimiento y pureza.
Control de calidad: El producto final se somete a rigurosas medidas de control de calidad para garantizar el cumplimiento de las normas farmacéuticas.
Análisis De Reacciones Químicas
Tipos de reacciones
La cloroquina experimenta diversas reacciones químicas, entre ellas:
Oxidación: La this compound puede oxidarse para formar derivados de la quinolina.
Reducción: Las reacciones de reducción pueden modificar la estructura del anillo de quinolina.
Sustitución: Las reacciones de sustitución pueden producirse en los grupos cloro y amino.
Reactivos y condiciones comunes
Oxidación: Los agentes oxidantes comunes incluyen el permanganato de potasio y el peróxido de hidrógeno.
Reducción: Se utilizan agentes reductores como el hidruro de litio y aluminio y el borohidruro de sodio.
Sustitución: Las reacciones de sustitución suelen implicar nucleófilos como aminas y tioles.
Productos principales
Productos de oxidación: Derivados de la quinolina con estructuras cíclicas modificadas.
Productos de reducción: Compuestos de quinolina reducidos.
Productos de sustitución: Derivados de la this compound sustituidos con diversos grupos funcionales.
Comparación Con Compuestos Similares
La cloroquina se compara con otros compuestos similares, destacando su singularidad:
Hidroxithis compound: Similar en estructura y función a la this compound, pero generalmente se considera menos tóxica.
Quinina: Un compuesto natural utilizado para tratar la malaria.
Mefloquina: Otro agente antimalárico sintético con un mecanismo de acción diferente.
Artemisinina: Un compuesto natural con potente actividad antimalárica.
Las propiedades únicas de la this compound, como su capacidad para inhibir la hemopolimerasa y modular las respuestas inmunitarias, la convierten en un compuesto valioso tanto en la investigación médica como científica.
Propiedades
IUPAC Name |
4-N-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-1-N,1-N-diethylpentane-1,4-diamine |
Source
|
|---|---|---|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI |
InChI=1S/C18H26ClN3/c1-4-22(5-2)12-6-7-14(3)21-17-10-11-20-18-13-15(19)8-9-16(17)18/h8-11,13-14H,4-7,12H2,1-3H3,(H,20,21) |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI Key |
WHTVZRBIWZFKQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Canonical SMILES |
CCN(CC)CCCC(C)NC1=C2C=CC(=CC2=NC=C1)Cl |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Molecular Formula |
C18H26ClN3 |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
DSSTOX Substance ID |
DTXSID2040446 |
Source
|
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | EPA DSSTox | |
| URL | https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID2040446 | |
| Description | DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology. | |
Molecular Weight |
319.9 g/mol |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Physical Description |
Solid |
Source
|
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014746 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Solubility |
Bitter colorless crystals, dimorphic. Freely soluble in water, less sol in neutral or alkaline pH. Stable to heat in soln pH4 to 6.5. Practically in soluble in alcohol, benzene and chloroform /Diphosphate/, WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER; ODORLESS; BITTER TASTE; FREELY SOL IN WATER;PRACTICALLY INSOL IN ALCOHOL, CHLOROFORM, ETHER; AQ SOLN HAS PH OF ABOUT 4.5; PKA1= 7; PKA2= 9.2 /PHOSPHATE/, VERY SLIGHTLY SOL IN WATER; SOL IN DIL ACIDS, CHLOROFORM, ETHER, Insoluble in alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether., 1.75e-02 g/L |
Source
|
| Record name | CHLOROQUINE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3029 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014746 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Mechanism of Action |
Chloroquine inhibits the action of heme polymerase in malarial trophozoites, preventing the conversion of heme to hemazoin. _Plasmodium_ species continue to accumulate toxic heme, killing the parasite. Chloroquine passively diffuses through cell membranes and into endosomes, lysosomes, and Golgi vesicles; where it becomes protonated, trapping the chloroquine in the organelle and raising the surrounding pH. The raised pH in endosomes, prevent virus particles from utilizing their activity for fusion and entry into the cell. Chloroquine does not affect the level of ACE2 expression on cell surfaces, but inhibits terminal glycosylation of ACE2, the receptor that SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 target for cell entry. ACE2 that is not in the glycosylated state may less efficiently interact with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, further inhibiting viral entry., The exact mechanism of antimalarial activity of chloroquine has not been determined. The 4-aminoquinoline derivatives appear to bind to nucleoproteins and interfere with protein synthesis in susceptible organisms; the drugs intercalate readily into double-stranded DNA and inhibit both DNA and RNA polymerase. In addition, studies using chloroquine indicate that the drug apparently concentrates in parasite digestive vacuoles, increases the pH of the vacuoles, and interferes with the parasite's ability to metabolize and utilize erythrocyte hemoglobin. Plasmodial forms that do not have digestive vacuoles and do not utilize hemoglobin, such as exoerythrocytic forms, are not affected by chloroquine., The 4-aminoquinoline derivatives, including chloroquine, also have anti-inflammatory activity; however, the mechanism(s) of action of the drugs in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus has not been determined. Chloroquine reportedly antagonizes histamine in vitro, has antiserotonin effects, and inhibits prostaglandin effects in mammalian cells presumably by inhibiting conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin F2. In vitro studies indicate that chloroquine also inhibits chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils., Antiprotozoal-Malaria: /Mechanism of action/ may be based on ability of chloroquine to bind and alter the properties of DNA. Chloroquine also is taken up into the acidic food vacuoles of the parasite in the erythrocyte. It increases the pH of the acid vesicles, interfering with vesicle functions and possibly inhibiting phospholipid metabolism. In suppressive treatment, chloroquine inhibits the erythrocytic stage of development of plasmodia. In acute attacks of malaria, chloroquine interrupts erythrocytic schizogony of the parasite. its ability to concentrate in parasitized erythrocytes may account for its selective toxicity against the erythrocytic stages of plasmodial infection., Antirheumatic-Chloroquine is though to act as a mild immunosuppressant, inhibiting the production of rheumatoid factor and acute phase reactants. It also accumulates in white blood cells, stabilizing lysosomal membranes and inhibiting the activity of many enzymes, including collagenase and the proteases that cause cartilage breakdown. |
Source
|
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00608 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | CHLOROQUINE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3029 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
Color/Form |
WHITE TO SLIGHTLY YELLOW, CRYSTALLINE POWDER, Colorless crystals | |
CAS No. |
54-05-7 |
Source
|
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | CAS Common Chemistry | |
| URL | https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=54-05-7 | |
| Description | CAS Common Chemistry is an open community resource for accessing chemical information. Nearly 500,000 chemical substances from CAS REGISTRY cover areas of community interest, including common and frequently regulated chemicals, and those relevant to high school and undergraduate chemistry classes. This chemical information, curated by our expert scientists, is provided in alignment with our mission as a division of the American Chemical Society. | |
| Explanation | The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated. | |
| Record name | Chloroquine [USP:INN:BAN] | |
| Source | ChemIDplus | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/?source=chemidplus&sourceid=0000054057 | |
| Description | ChemIDplus is a free, web search system that provides access to the structure and nomenclature authority files used for the identification of chemical substances cited in National Library of Medicine (NLM) databases, including the TOXNET system. | |
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00608 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | chloroquine | |
| Source | DTP/NCI | |
| URL | https://dtp.cancer.gov/dtpstandard/servlet/dwindex?searchtype=NSC&outputformat=html&searchlist=187208 | |
| Description | The NCI Development Therapeutics Program (DTP) provides services and resources to the academic and private-sector research communities worldwide to facilitate the discovery and development of new cancer therapeutic agents. | |
| Explanation | Unless otherwise indicated, all text within NCI products is free of copyright and may be reused without our permission. Credit the National Cancer Institute as the source. | |
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | EPA DSSTox | |
| URL | https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID2040446 | |
| Description | DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology. | |
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) | |
| URL | https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.175 | |
| Description | The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) is an agency of the European Union which is the driving force among regulatory authorities in implementing the EU's groundbreaking chemicals legislation for the benefit of human health and the environment as well as for innovation and competitiveness. | |
| Explanation | Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page. | |
| Record name | CHLOROQUINE | |
| Source | FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS) | |
| URL | https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/886U3H6UFF | |
| Description | The FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS) enables the efficient and accurate exchange of information on what substances are in regulated products. Instead of relying on names, which vary across regulatory domains, countries, and regions, the GSRS knowledge base makes it possible for substances to be defined by standardized, scientific descriptions. | |
| Explanation | Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required. | |
| Record name | CHLOROQUINE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3029 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014746 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Melting Point |
87-89.5, 87 °C, 289 °C |
Source
|
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00608 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | CHLOROQUINE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3029 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014746 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Synthesis routes and methods I
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Synthesis routes and methods II
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Retrosynthesis Analysis
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