molecular formula C38H72N2O12 B1666446 Azitromicina CAS No. 83905-01-5

Azitromicina

Número de catálogo: B1666446
Número CAS: 83905-01-5
Peso molecular: 749.0 g/mol
Clave InChI: MQTOSJVFKKJCRP-FHZDSTMTSA-N
Atención: Solo para uso de investigación. No para uso humano o veterinario.
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Análisis Bioquímico

Biochemical Properties

Azithromycin is part of the azalide subclass of macrolides, and contains a 15-membered ring, with a methyl-substituted nitrogen instead of a carbonyl group at the 9a position on the aglycone ring . This allows for the prevention of its metabolism . Azithromycin is a weak substrate for CYP3A4, and is minimally metabolized by the enzyme .

Cellular Effects

Azithromycin is known to have both antiviral and immunomodulatory effects . It interferes with receptor-mediated binding, viral lysosomal escape, intracellular cell-signaling pathways, and enhances type I and III interferon expression . It also disrupts immune and metabolic networks, including down-regulation of mucin production .

Molecular Mechanism

Azithromycin works by decreasing the production of protein, thereby stopping bacterial growth . It binds to the 23S rRNA of the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit . This inhibits protein synthesis, which is essential for bacterial replication .

Temporal Effects in Laboratory Settings

Azithromycin is used long term for the prevention of exacerbations of bronchiectasis and COPD . The usual dose is 250mg three times a week . It has been demonstrated to maintain azithromycin concentrations at sites of infection and continues to be effective for several days after administration has ceased .

Dosage Effects in Animal Models

In animal models, the effects of azithromycin can vary with different dosages . For example, a single oral dose of 10 to 40 mg/kg provided tissue levels that were proportional to the dose in rats . Two- to 4-fold increases in tissue concentration were observed in rats after being dosed with 20 mg/kg for 7 days .

Metabolic Pathways

Azithromycin is associated with a network of altered energy metabolism pathways and immune subsets, including T cells biased toward immunomodulatory and exhausted profiles . In vitro, azithromycin exposure inhibited T-cell cytotoxicity against tumor cells and impaired T-cell metabolism through glycolysis inhibition .

Transport and Distribution

Azithromycin gains rapid and high concentration in a number of cells including polymorphonuclear leucocytes, monocytes, and macrophages . Extensive and rapid distribution from serum into the intracellular compartments is followed by rapid distribution to the tissues . Tissue concentrations exceed serum concentrations by up to 100-fold following a single azithromycin 500mg dose .

Subcellular Localization

Azithromycin gains entry into cells by both passive and active transport due to its dibasic amphophilic character . It acts by inhibiting protein biosynthesis at the 50S ribosomal level . Intracellular penetration is greatest in the first 24 hours, but continues for up to 72 hours in human fibroblasts .

Métodos De Preparación

Rutas sintéticas y condiciones de reacción: La azitromicina se sintetiza a partir de la eritromicina A a través de una serie de reacciones químicas. El proceso implica la conversión de la eritromicina A en su oxima, seguida de una reordenación de Beckmann para formar el éter amino de la eritromicina A. Este intermedio se reduce luego a 9-deoxo-9a-aza-9a-homoeritromicina, y finalmente, la N-metilación reductora produce this compound .

Métodos de producción industrial: La producción industrial de this compound a menudo implica extrusión en caliente para preparar una dispersión sólida amorfa de this compound. Este método mejora la solubilidad y las propiedades de enmascaramiento del sabor del fármaco. Los parámetros óptimos de extrusión incluyen una temperatura de 150 °C, una velocidad del tornillo de 75 rpm y un porcentaje de fármaco del 25% .

Comparación Con Compuestos Similares

La azitromicina está relacionada estructuralmente con la eritromicina y la claritromicina, ambas también antibióticos macrólidos. La this compound tiene un anillo de 15 miembros con un nitrógeno metil-sustituido, lo que la diferencia del anillo lactónico de 14 miembros de la eritromicina . Esta diferencia estructural le confiere a la this compound una vida media más larga y una mejor penetración en los tejidos en comparación con la eritromicina . Otros compuestos similares incluyen la claritromicina y la roxitromicina, que comparten mecanismos de acción similares pero difieren en sus propiedades farmacocinéticas .

Compuestos similares:

  • Eritromicina
  • Claritromicina
  • Roxitromicina

La estructura y las propiedades únicas de la this compound la convierten en un valioso antibiótico con amplias aplicaciones en medicina e investigación.

Propiedades

Azithromycin usually is bacteriostatic, although the drug may be bactericidal in high concentrations against selected organisms. Bactericidal activity has been observed in vitro against Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. Azithromycin inhibits protein synthesis in susceptible organisms by penetrating the cell wall and binding to 50S ribosomal subunits, thereby inhibiting translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and inhibiting polypeptide synthesis. The site of action of azithromycin appears to be the same as that of the macrolides (i.e., erythromycin, clarithromycin), clindamycin, lincomycin, and chloramphenicol. The antimicrobial activity of azithromycin is reduced at low pH. Azithromycin concentrates in phagocytes, including polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts. Penetration of the drug into phagocytic cells is necessary for activity against intracellular pathogens (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydia trachomatis, Salmonella typhi).

Número CAS

83905-01-5

Fórmula molecular

C38H72N2O12

Peso molecular

749.0 g/mol

Nombre IUPAC

(2R,3S,4R,5R,8R,10R,11R,12S,13S,14R)-11-[4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-2-ethyl-3,4,10-trihydroxy-13-(5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl)oxy-3,5,6,8,10,12,14-heptamethyl-1-oxa-6-azacyclopentadecan-15-one

InChI

InChI=1S/C38H72N2O12/c1-15-27-38(10,46)31(42)24(6)40(13)19-20(2)17-36(8,45)33(52-35-29(41)26(39(11)12)16-21(3)48-35)22(4)30(23(5)34(44)50-27)51-28-18-37(9,47-14)32(43)25(7)49-28/h20-33,35,41-43,45-46H,15-19H2,1-14H3/t20-,21?,22+,23-,24-,25?,26?,27-,28?,29?,30+,31-,32?,33-,35?,36-,37?,38-/m1/s1

Clave InChI

MQTOSJVFKKJCRP-FHZDSTMTSA-N

SMILES

CCC1C(C(C(N(CC(CC(C(C(C(C(C(=O)O1)C)OC2CC(C(C(O2)C)O)(C)OC)C)OC3C(C(CC(O3)C)N(C)C)O)(C)O)C)C)C)O)(C)O

SMILES isomérico

CC[C@@H]1[C@@]([C@@H]([C@H](N(C[C@@H](C[C@@]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)O1)C)OC2CC(C(C(O2)C)O)(C)OC)C)OC3C(C(CC(O3)C)N(C)C)O)(C)O)C)C)C)O)(C)O

SMILES canónico

CCC1C(C(C(N(CC(CC(C(C(C(C(C(=O)O1)C)OC2CC(C(C(O2)C)O)(C)OC)C)OC3C(C(CC(O3)C)N(C)C)O)(C)O)C)C)C)O)(C)O

Apariencia

Solid powder

Color/Form

Amorphous solid

melting_point

113-115 °C
White crystalline powder. mp: 126 °C. Optical rotation: -41.4 deg at 26 °C/D (c = 1 in CHCl3) /Azithromycin dihydrate/

83905-01-5

Descripción física

Solid

Pictogramas

Irritant; Health Hazard; Environmental Hazard

Pureza

>98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)

Números CAS relacionados

117772-70-0 (dihydrate)
121470-24-4 (monohydrate)

Vida útil

>2 years if stored properly

Solubilidad

soluble in ethanol and DSMO, minimally soluble in water
5.14e-01 g/L

Almacenamiento

Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years).

Sinónimos

Azadose
Azithromycin
Azithromycin Dihydrate
Azithromycin Monohydrate
Azitrocin
Azythromycin
CP 62993
CP-62993
CP62993
Dihydrate, Azithromycin
Goxal
Monohydrate, Azithromycin
Sumamed
Toraseptol
Ultreon
Vinzam
Zentavion
Zithromax
Zitromax

Presión de vapor

2.65X10-24 mm Hg at 25 °C (est)

Origen del producto

United States

Retrosynthesis Analysis

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Strategy Settings

Precursor scoring Relevance Heuristic
Min. plausibility 0.01
Model Template_relevance
Template Set Pistachio/Bkms_metabolic/Pistachio_ringbreaker/Reaxys/Reaxys_biocatalysis
Top-N result to add to graph 6

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