Chloroquine
Vue d'ensemble
Description
La chloroquine est un médicament synthétique principalement utilisé dans le traitement et la prévention du paludisme. Découverte en 1934 et introduite en médecine dans les années 1940, la this compound est un membre des dérivés de la quinoléine, une série d'agents antipaludiques chimiquement liés . Elle est efficace contre les souches sensibles des parasites du paludisme Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale et Plasmodium falciparum, ainsi que certains vers parasites et amibes . De plus, la this compound est utilisée dans le traitement des maladies rhumatismales inflammatoires telles que le lupus érythémateux et la polyarthrite rhumatoïde .
Mécanisme D'action
Target of Action
Chloroquine primarily targets the heme polymerase in malarial trophozoites . This enzyme plays a crucial role in the survival of the malaria parasite, Plasmodium species, by converting toxic heme to non-toxic hemazoin .
Mode of Action
This compound inhibits the action of heme polymerase, preventing the conversion of heme to hemazoin . As a result, Plasmodium species continue to accumulate toxic heme, which eventually leads to the death of the parasite . This compound enters the red blood cell by simple diffusion, inhibiting the parasite cell and digestive vacuole . Once inside the cell, this compound becomes protonated due to the acidic environment of the digestive vacuole, preventing it from leaving .
Biochemical Pathways
This compound interferes with the autophagy pathway by preventing the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes . This inhibition of autophagy leads to an accumulation of cellular waste and damaged organelles, which can have various downstream effects, including impaired cellular function and cell death .
Pharmacokinetics
This compound is 60% bound to plasma proteins and is equally cleared by the kidney and liver . Following administration, this compound is rapidly dealkylated via cytochrome P450 enzymes into the pharmacologically active desethylthis compound and bisdesethylthis compound . It is absorbed very rapidly following subcutaneous or intramuscular injection .
Result of Action
The inhibition of heme polymerase by this compound leads to the accumulation of toxic heme within the Plasmodium species, resulting in the death of the parasite . In addition, the inhibition of autophagy can lead to impaired cellular function and cell death .
Action Environment
Environmental factors can influence the action, efficacy, and stability of this compound. For instance, this compound has been found in aquatic environments due to its persistence . It enters into river systems through various pathways such as improper disposal of unused medication, excretion from medically treated individuals, and wastewater discharges from hospitals and pharmaceutical industries . This contamination raises environmental concerns due to its impact on aquatic ecosystems and potential threats to human health through drinking water supplies .
Applications De Recherche Scientifique
Chloroquine has a wide range of scientific research applications:
Chemistry: Used as a reagent in organic synthesis and as a model compound in studying quinoline chemistry.
Biology: Employed in cell biology research to study autophagy and lysosomal function.
Medicine: Extensively used in the treatment of malaria, lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Analyse Biochimique
Biochemical Properties
Chloroquine interacts with various enzymes, proteins, and other biomolecules. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to UV detectors is the most employed method to quantify this compound in pharmaceutical products and biological samples .
Cellular Effects
This compound has exhibited a broad spectrum of action against various fungus, bacteria, and viruses . It has been identified to have severe gastrointestinal, neurological, cardiac, and ocular side effects, which are commonly related to this compound dose and treatment time .
Molecular Mechanism
This compound and its analog, hydroxythis compound, have similar chemical structure and pharmacokinetics properties . Both drugs cross cell membranes well . Hydroxythis compound is more polar, less lipophilic, and has more difficulty diffusing across cell membranes .
Temporal Effects in Laboratory Settings
The main chromatographic conditions used to identify and quantify this compound from tablets and injections, degradation products, and metabolites are presented and discussed .
Dosage Effects in Animal Models
The occurrence and intensity of side effects of this compound are commonly related to its dose and treatment time .
Metabolic Pathways
This compound is involved in various metabolic pathways. The main chromatographic conditions used to identify and quantify this compound from tablets and injections, degradation products, and metabolites are presented and discussed .
Transport and Distribution
Both this compound and hydroxythis compound cross cell membranes well . Hydroxythis compound is more polar, less lipophilic, and has more difficulty diffusing across cell membranes .
Méthodes De Préparation
Voies de synthèse et conditions de réaction
La synthèse de la chloroquine implique la réaction de condensation de la 4,7-dichloroquinoléine avec la 2-amino-5-diéthylaminopentane . La réaction se déroule selon les étapes suivantes :
Réaction de condensation : La 4,7-dichloroquinoléine réagit avec la 2-amino-5-diéthylaminopentane pour former de la this compound.
Extraction par alcalinisation : Le mélange réactionnel subit une extraction par alcalinisation pour isoler la this compound.
Concentration et cristallisation : La this compound isolée est concentrée et cristallisée pour améliorer sa pureté.
Salification : La this compound purifiée est ensuite salifiée avec de l'acide phosphorique pour produire du phosphate de this compound.
Méthodes de production industrielle
La production industrielle de la this compound suit des voies de synthèse similaires, mais à plus grande échelle. Le processus comprend :
Synthèse en vrac : De grandes quantités de 4,7-dichloroquinoléine et de 2-amino-5-diéthylaminopentane sont utilisées.
Extraction et cristallisation continues : Le mélange réactionnel subit une extraction et une cristallisation continues pour garantir un rendement et une pureté élevés.
Contrôle qualité : Le produit final est soumis à des mesures de contrôle qualité rigoureuses pour garantir la conformité aux normes pharmaceutiques.
Analyse Des Réactions Chimiques
Types de réactions
La chloroquine subit diverses réactions chimiques, notamment :
Oxydation : La this compound peut être oxydée pour former des dérivés de la quinoléine.
Réduction : Les réactions de réduction peuvent modifier la structure cyclique de la quinoléine.
Substitution : Des réactions de substitution peuvent se produire aux groupes chloro et amino.
Réactifs et conditions courants
Oxydation : Les oxydants courants comprennent le permanganate de potassium et le peroxyde d'hydrogène.
Réduction : Des agents réducteurs tels que l'hydrure de lithium et d'aluminium et le borohydrure de sodium sont utilisés.
Substitution : Les réactions de substitution impliquent souvent des nucléophiles comme les amines et les thiols.
Principaux produits
Produits d'oxydation : Dérivés de la quinoléine avec des structures cycliques modifiées.
Produits de réduction : Composés de la quinoléine réduits.
Produits de substitution : Dérivés de la this compound substitués avec divers groupes fonctionnels.
Applications de la recherche scientifique
La this compound a un large éventail d'applications dans la recherche scientifique :
Biologie : Employé dans la recherche en biologie cellulaire pour étudier l'autophagie et la fonction lysosomiale.
Médecine : Largement utilisé dans le traitement du paludisme, du lupus érythémateux et de la polyarthrite rhumatoïde.
Mécanisme d'action
La this compound exerce ses effets par plusieurs mécanismes :
Action antipaludique : La this compound inhibe l'action de l'hème polymérase dans les trophozoïtes paludéens, empêchant la conversion de l'hème en hémozoïne.
Action anti-inflammatoire : La this compound module la réponse immunitaire en inhibant la production de cytokines pro-inflammatoires et en interférant avec la présentation de l'antigène.
Action antivirale : La this compound augmente le pH des endosomes, des lysosomes et des vésicules de Golgi, empêchant les particules virales d'utiliser leur activité pour la fusion et l'entrée dans la cellule.
Comparaison Avec Des Composés Similaires
La chloroquine est comparée à d'autres composés similaires, mettant en évidence son caractère unique :
Hydroxythis compound : Structure et fonction similaires à la this compound, mais généralement considérée comme moins toxique.
Quinine : Un composé naturel utilisé pour traiter le paludisme.
Méfloquine : Un autre agent antipaludique synthétique avec un mécanisme d'action différent.
Artémisinine : Un composé naturel à forte activité antipaludique.
Les propriétés uniques de la this compound, telles que sa capacité à inhiber l'hème polymérase et à moduler les réponses immunitaires, en font un composé précieux en médecine et en recherche scientifique.
Propriétés
IUPAC Name |
4-N-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-1-N,1-N-diethylpentane-1,4-diamine |
Source
|
|---|---|---|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI |
InChI=1S/C18H26ClN3/c1-4-22(5-2)12-6-7-14(3)21-17-10-11-20-18-13-15(19)8-9-16(17)18/h8-11,13-14H,4-7,12H2,1-3H3,(H,20,21) |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI Key |
WHTVZRBIWZFKQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Canonical SMILES |
CCN(CC)CCCC(C)NC1=C2C=CC(=CC2=NC=C1)Cl |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Molecular Formula |
C18H26ClN3 |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
DSSTOX Substance ID |
DTXSID2040446 |
Source
|
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | EPA DSSTox | |
| URL | https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID2040446 | |
| Description | DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology. | |
Molecular Weight |
319.9 g/mol |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Physical Description |
Solid |
Source
|
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014746 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Solubility |
Bitter colorless crystals, dimorphic. Freely soluble in water, less sol in neutral or alkaline pH. Stable to heat in soln pH4 to 6.5. Practically in soluble in alcohol, benzene and chloroform /Diphosphate/, WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER; ODORLESS; BITTER TASTE; FREELY SOL IN WATER;PRACTICALLY INSOL IN ALCOHOL, CHLOROFORM, ETHER; AQ SOLN HAS PH OF ABOUT 4.5; PKA1= 7; PKA2= 9.2 /PHOSPHATE/, VERY SLIGHTLY SOL IN WATER; SOL IN DIL ACIDS, CHLOROFORM, ETHER, Insoluble in alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether., 1.75e-02 g/L |
Source
|
| Record name | CHLOROQUINE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3029 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014746 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Mechanism of Action |
Chloroquine inhibits the action of heme polymerase in malarial trophozoites, preventing the conversion of heme to hemazoin. _Plasmodium_ species continue to accumulate toxic heme, killing the parasite. Chloroquine passively diffuses through cell membranes and into endosomes, lysosomes, and Golgi vesicles; where it becomes protonated, trapping the chloroquine in the organelle and raising the surrounding pH. The raised pH in endosomes, prevent virus particles from utilizing their activity for fusion and entry into the cell. Chloroquine does not affect the level of ACE2 expression on cell surfaces, but inhibits terminal glycosylation of ACE2, the receptor that SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 target for cell entry. ACE2 that is not in the glycosylated state may less efficiently interact with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, further inhibiting viral entry., The exact mechanism of antimalarial activity of chloroquine has not been determined. The 4-aminoquinoline derivatives appear to bind to nucleoproteins and interfere with protein synthesis in susceptible organisms; the drugs intercalate readily into double-stranded DNA and inhibit both DNA and RNA polymerase. In addition, studies using chloroquine indicate that the drug apparently concentrates in parasite digestive vacuoles, increases the pH of the vacuoles, and interferes with the parasite's ability to metabolize and utilize erythrocyte hemoglobin. Plasmodial forms that do not have digestive vacuoles and do not utilize hemoglobin, such as exoerythrocytic forms, are not affected by chloroquine., The 4-aminoquinoline derivatives, including chloroquine, also have anti-inflammatory activity; however, the mechanism(s) of action of the drugs in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus has not been determined. Chloroquine reportedly antagonizes histamine in vitro, has antiserotonin effects, and inhibits prostaglandin effects in mammalian cells presumably by inhibiting conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin F2. In vitro studies indicate that chloroquine also inhibits chemotaxis of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, macrophages, and eosinophils., Antiprotozoal-Malaria: /Mechanism of action/ may be based on ability of chloroquine to bind and alter the properties of DNA. Chloroquine also is taken up into the acidic food vacuoles of the parasite in the erythrocyte. It increases the pH of the acid vesicles, interfering with vesicle functions and possibly inhibiting phospholipid metabolism. In suppressive treatment, chloroquine inhibits the erythrocytic stage of development of plasmodia. In acute attacks of malaria, chloroquine interrupts erythrocytic schizogony of the parasite. its ability to concentrate in parasitized erythrocytes may account for its selective toxicity against the erythrocytic stages of plasmodial infection., Antirheumatic-Chloroquine is though to act as a mild immunosuppressant, inhibiting the production of rheumatoid factor and acute phase reactants. It also accumulates in white blood cells, stabilizing lysosomal membranes and inhibiting the activity of many enzymes, including collagenase and the proteases that cause cartilage breakdown. |
Source
|
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00608 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | CHLOROQUINE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3029 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
Color/Form |
WHITE TO SLIGHTLY YELLOW, CRYSTALLINE POWDER, Colorless crystals | |
CAS No. |
54-05-7 |
Source
|
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | CAS Common Chemistry | |
| URL | https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=54-05-7 | |
| Description | CAS Common Chemistry is an open community resource for accessing chemical information. Nearly 500,000 chemical substances from CAS REGISTRY cover areas of community interest, including common and frequently regulated chemicals, and those relevant to high school and undergraduate chemistry classes. This chemical information, curated by our expert scientists, is provided in alignment with our mission as a division of the American Chemical Society. | |
| Explanation | The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated. | |
| Record name | Chloroquine [USP:INN:BAN] | |
| Source | ChemIDplus | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/?source=chemidplus&sourceid=0000054057 | |
| Description | ChemIDplus is a free, web search system that provides access to the structure and nomenclature authority files used for the identification of chemical substances cited in National Library of Medicine (NLM) databases, including the TOXNET system. | |
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00608 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | chloroquine | |
| Source | DTP/NCI | |
| URL | https://dtp.cancer.gov/dtpstandard/servlet/dwindex?searchtype=NSC&outputformat=html&searchlist=187208 | |
| Description | The NCI Development Therapeutics Program (DTP) provides services and resources to the academic and private-sector research communities worldwide to facilitate the discovery and development of new cancer therapeutic agents. | |
| Explanation | Unless otherwise indicated, all text within NCI products is free of copyright and may be reused without our permission. Credit the National Cancer Institute as the source. | |
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | EPA DSSTox | |
| URL | https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID2040446 | |
| Description | DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology. | |
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) | |
| URL | https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.175 | |
| Description | The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) is an agency of the European Union which is the driving force among regulatory authorities in implementing the EU's groundbreaking chemicals legislation for the benefit of human health and the environment as well as for innovation and competitiveness. | |
| Explanation | Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page. | |
| Record name | CHLOROQUINE | |
| Source | FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS) | |
| URL | https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/886U3H6UFF | |
| Description | The FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS) enables the efficient and accurate exchange of information on what substances are in regulated products. Instead of relying on names, which vary across regulatory domains, countries, and regions, the GSRS knowledge base makes it possible for substances to be defined by standardized, scientific descriptions. | |
| Explanation | Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required. | |
| Record name | CHLOROQUINE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3029 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014746 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Melting Point |
87-89.5, 87 °C, 289 °C |
Source
|
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00608 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | CHLOROQUINE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3029 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Chloroquine | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014746 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Synthesis routes and methods I
Procedure details
Synthesis routes and methods II
Procedure details
Retrosynthesis Analysis
AI-Powered Synthesis Planning: Our tool employs the Template_relevance Pistachio, Template_relevance Bkms_metabolic, Template_relevance Pistachio_ringbreaker, Template_relevance Reaxys, Template_relevance Reaxys_biocatalysis model, leveraging a vast database of chemical reactions to predict feasible synthetic routes.
One-Step Synthesis Focus: Specifically designed for one-step synthesis, it provides concise and direct routes for your target compounds, streamlining the synthesis process.
Accurate Predictions: Utilizing the extensive PISTACHIO, BKMS_METABOLIC, PISTACHIO_RINGBREAKER, REAXYS, REAXYS_BIOCATALYSIS database, our tool offers high-accuracy predictions, reflecting the latest in chemical research and data.
Strategy Settings
| Precursor scoring | Relevance Heuristic |
|---|---|
| Min. plausibility | 0.01 |
| Model | Template_relevance |
| Template Set | Pistachio/Bkms_metabolic/Pistachio_ringbreaker/Reaxys/Reaxys_biocatalysis |
| Top-N result to add to graph | 6 |
Feasible Synthetic Routes
Avertissement et informations sur les produits de recherche in vitro
Veuillez noter que tous les articles et informations sur les produits présentés sur BenchChem sont destinés uniquement à des fins informatives. Les produits disponibles à l'achat sur BenchChem sont spécifiquement conçus pour des études in vitro, qui sont réalisées en dehors des organismes vivants. Les études in vitro, dérivées du terme latin "in verre", impliquent des expériences réalisées dans des environnements de laboratoire contrôlés à l'aide de cellules ou de tissus. Il est important de noter que ces produits ne sont pas classés comme médicaments et n'ont pas reçu l'approbation de la FDA pour la prévention, le traitement ou la guérison de toute condition médicale, affection ou maladie. Nous devons souligner que toute forme d'introduction corporelle de ces produits chez les humains ou les animaux est strictement interdite par la loi. Il est essentiel de respecter ces directives pour assurer la conformité aux normes légales et éthiques en matière de recherche et d'expérimentation.
![3-[18-(2-Carboxyethyl)-8,13-bis(ethenyl)-3,7,12,17-tetramethylporphyrin-21,23-diid-2-yl]propanoic acid;iron(2+)](/img/structure/B1663802.png)
![N-[6-(dimethylamino)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5H-carbazol-3-yl]-4-fluorobenzamide](/img/structure/B1663810.png)
