Dolutegravir
Vue d'ensemble
Description
Dolutegravir est un médicament antirétroviral utilisé dans le traitement du VIH/SIDA. Il est classé comme un inhibiteur de la transférence de brin de l’intégrase du VIH, qui bloque le fonctionnement de l’enzyme intégrase du VIH nécessaire à la réplication virale. This compound a été approuvé pour un usage médical aux États-Unis en 2013 et figure sur la Liste des médicaments essentiels de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé .
Mécanisme D'action
Dolutegravir inhibe la réplication du VIH-1 en se liant au site actif de l’enzyme intégrase. Cela empêche l’étape de transfert de brin de l’intégration de l’ADN rétroviral dans le génome de la cellule hôte, ce qui est essentiel à la réplication virale. En bloquant cette étape, this compound inhibe efficacement l’activité virale et réduit la charge virale dans l’organisme du patient .
Composés similaires:
Raltegravir : Le premier inhibiteur de l’intégrase approuvé pour le traitement du VIH.
Elvitegravir : Un autre inhibiteur de l’intégrase qui nécessite un renforcement pharmacologique.
Bictegravir : Un nouvel inhibiteur de l’intégrase ayant une efficacité similaire à celle de this compound.
Cabotegravir : Inhibiteur de l’intégrase récemment approuvé avec une formulation à action prolongée
Unicité de this compound : this compound se distingue par sa grande efficacité, ses interactions médicamenteuses minimales et sa capacité à être administré sans renforcement pharmacologique. Il conserve également son activité contre certaines souches de VIH qui sont résistantes aux autres inhibiteurs de l’intégrase, ce qui en fait une option précieuse dans le traitement du VIH .
Analyse Biochimique
Biochemical Properties
Dolutegravir interacts with the HIV-1 integrase, an enzyme that facilitates the integration of the viral genome into the host cell . By blocking the strand transfer step of this integration, this compound prevents the replication of the virus . The effect of this compound has no homology in human host cells, which contributes to its excellent tolerability and minimal toxicity .
Cellular Effects
This compound exerts its effects on various types of cells infected with HIV. It influences cell function by inhibiting the integration of the viral genome into the host cell’s DNA, thereby preventing the replication of the virus and the subsequent production of new virus particles . This disruption in the viral life cycle can impact cell signaling pathways, gene expression, and cellular metabolism .
Molecular Mechanism
This compound acts at the molecular level by binding to the active site of the HIV-1 integrase enzyme . This binding interaction inhibits the enzyme’s ability to integrate the viral genome into the host cell’s DNA, a crucial step in the viral replication process . As a result, this compound effectively prevents the proliferation of the virus within the host.
Temporal Effects in Laboratory Settings
In laboratory settings, the effects of this compound have been observed over time. This compound has shown to maintain its stability and effectiveness over extended periods . Long-term effects on cellular function observed in in vitro or in vivo studies include sustained inhibition of viral replication .
Dosage Effects in Animal Models
The effects of this compound have been studied in animal models, with varying dosages showing different effects . At therapeutic doses, this compound has been shown to effectively inhibit viral replication. At higher doses, potential toxic or adverse effects may occur .
Metabolic Pathways
This compound is metabolized primarily through the uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) pathway and to a lesser extent, by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 pathway . These metabolic pathways allow for the breakdown and elimination of this compound from the body.
Transport and Distribution
This compound is distributed within cells and tissues primarily through passive diffusion The distribution of this compound is not limited to specific tissues or cells, allowing it to exert its antiviral effects broadly within the body .
Subcellular Localization
The subcellular localization of this compound is not well defined as it does not target specific compartments or organelles within the cell. Given its mechanism of action, it is likely that this compound localizes to the nucleus where it can interact with the HIV-1 integrase enzyme and inhibit the integration of the viral genome into the host cell’s DNA .
Méthodes De Préparation
Voies de synthèse et conditions réactionnelles : La synthèse du Dolutegravir implique plusieurs étapes, commençant par la construction d’un cycle pyridone. Ceci est suivi d’une cyclisation utilisant du 3-®-amino-1-butanol et plusieurs transformations chimiques séquentielles. Le processus peut être optimisé en utilisant la chimie en flux continu, ce qui réduit considérablement le temps de réaction et améliore le rendement .
Méthodes de production industrielle : La production industrielle de this compound utilise souvent des techniques d’homogénéisation à grande vitesse et de sonication par sonde pour créer des nanosuspensions. Ces méthodes améliorent la solubilité et la biodisponibilité du médicament, le rendant plus efficace dans le traitement des personnes séropositives .
Analyse Des Réactions Chimiques
Types de réactions : Dolutegravir subit diverses réactions chimiques, notamment :
Oxydation : Implique l’ajout d’oxygène ou l’élimination d’hydrogène.
Réduction : Implique l’ajout d’hydrogène ou l’élimination d’oxygène.
Substitution : Implique le remplacement d’un atome ou d’un groupe d’atomes par un autre.
Réactifs et conditions courants : Les réactifs courants utilisés dans ces réactions comprennent les agents oxydants comme le permanganate de potassium et les agents réducteurs comme l’hydrure de lithium et d’aluminium. Les conditions réactionnelles impliquent souvent des températures contrôlées et des niveaux de pH pour garantir des résultats optimaux .
Principaux produits formés : Les principaux produits formés à partir de ces réactions comprennent divers intermédiaires qui sont ensuite traités pour produire le composé final de this compound .
4. Applications de la recherche scientifique
This compound a une large gamme d’applications de recherche scientifique :
Chimie : Utilisé comme composé modèle dans l’étude des inhibiteurs de l’intégrase et de leurs mécanismes.
Biologie : Aide à comprendre le processus de réplication du VIH et le rôle des enzymes intégrases.
Médecine : Largement utilisé dans le traitement du VIH/SIDA, à la fois comme médicament autonome et en association avec d’autres antirétroviraux.
Industrie : Employé dans le développement de nouvelles formulations et systèmes d’administration de médicaments pour améliorer la biodisponibilité et l’efficacité
Applications De Recherche Scientifique
Dolutegravir has a wide range of scientific research applications:
Chemistry: Used as a model compound in the study of integrase inhibitors and their mechanisms.
Biology: Helps in understanding the replication process of HIV and the role of integrase enzymes.
Medicine: Widely used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS, both as a standalone drug and in combination with other antiretrovirals.
Industry: Employed in the development of new drug formulations and delivery systems to enhance bioavailability and efficacy
Comparaison Avec Des Composés Similaires
Raltegravir: The first integrase inhibitor approved for HIV treatment.
Elvitegravir: Another integrase inhibitor that requires pharmacologic boosting.
Bictegravir: A newer integrase inhibitor with similar efficacy to Dolutegravir.
Cabotegravir: Recently approved integrase inhibitor with a long-acting formulation
Uniqueness of this compound: this compound stands out due to its high efficacy, minimal drug interactions, and ability to be administered without pharmacologic boosting. It also retains activity against some strains of HIV that are resistant to other integrase inhibitors, making it a valuable option in HIV treatment .
Propriétés
IUPAC Name |
(3S,7R)-N-[(2,4-difluorophenyl)methyl]-11-hydroxy-7-methyl-9,12-dioxo-4-oxa-1,8-diazatricyclo[8.4.0.03,8]tetradeca-10,13-diene-13-carboxamide |
Source
|
|---|---|---|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI |
InChI=1S/C20H19F2N3O5/c1-10-4-5-30-15-9-24-8-13(17(26)18(27)16(24)20(29)25(10)15)19(28)23-7-11-2-3-12(21)6-14(11)22/h2-3,6,8,10,15,27H,4-5,7,9H2,1H3,(H,23,28)/t10-,15+/m1/s1 |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI Key |
RHWKPHLQXYSBKR-BMIGLBTASA-N |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Canonical SMILES |
CC1CCOC2N1C(=O)C3=C(C(=O)C(=CN3C2)C(=O)NCC4=C(C=C(C=C4)F)F)O |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Isomeric SMILES |
C[C@@H]1CCO[C@@H]2N1C(=O)C3=C(C(=O)C(=CN3C2)C(=O)NCC4=C(C=C(C=C4)F)F)O |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Molecular Formula |
C20H19F2N3O5 |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
DSSTOX Substance ID |
DTXSID90909356 |
Source
|
| Record name | Dolutegravir | |
| Source | EPA DSSTox | |
| URL | https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID90909356 | |
| Description | DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology. | |
Molecular Weight |
419.4 g/mol |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Solubility |
Slightly soluble |
Source
|
| Record name | Dolutegravir | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB08930 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
Mechanism of Action |
Dolutegravir is an HIV-1 antiviral agent. It inhibits HIV integrase by binding to the active site and blocking the strand transfer step of retroviral DNA integration in the host cell. The strand transfer step is essential in the HIV replication cycle and results in the inhibition of viral activity. Dolutegravir has a mean EC50 value of 0.5 nM (0.21 ng/mL) to 2.1 nM (0.85 ng/mL) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and MT-4 cells., Dolutegravir inhibits HIV integrase by binding to the integrase active site and blocking the strand transfer step of retroviral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) integration which is essential for the HIV replication cycle. Strand transfer biochemical assays using purified HIV-1 integrase and pre-processed substrate DNA resulted in IC50 values of 2.7 nM and 12.6 nM. |
Source
|
| Record name | Dolutegravir | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB08930 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | Dolutegravir | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/8152 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
CAS No. |
1051375-16-6 |
Source
|
| Record name | Dolutegravir | |
| Source | CAS Common Chemistry | |
| URL | https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=1051375-16-6 | |
| Description | CAS Common Chemistry is an open community resource for accessing chemical information. Nearly 500,000 chemical substances from CAS REGISTRY cover areas of community interest, including common and frequently regulated chemicals, and those relevant to high school and undergraduate chemistry classes. This chemical information, curated by our expert scientists, is provided in alignment with our mission as a division of the American Chemical Society. | |
| Explanation | The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated. | |
| Record name | Dolutegravir [USAN:INN] | |
| Source | ChemIDplus | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/?source=chemidplus&sourceid=1051375166 | |
| Description | ChemIDplus is a free, web search system that provides access to the structure and nomenclature authority files used for the identification of chemical substances cited in National Library of Medicine (NLM) databases, including the TOXNET system. | |
| Record name | Dolutegravir | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB08930 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | Dolutegravir | |
| Source | EPA DSSTox | |
| URL | https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID90909356 | |
| Description | DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology. | |
| Record name | (4R,12aS)-N-(2,4-difluorobenzyl)-7-hydroxy-4-methyl-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[1',2':4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine-9-carboxamide | |
| Source | European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) | |
| URL | https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.237.735 | |
| Description | The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) is an agency of the European Union which is the driving force among regulatory authorities in implementing the EU's groundbreaking chemicals legislation for the benefit of human health and the environment as well as for innovation and competitiveness. | |
| Explanation | Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page. | |
| Record name | DOLUTEGRAVIR | |
| Source | FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS) | |
| URL | https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/DKO1W9H7M1 | |
| Description | The FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS) enables the efficient and accurate exchange of information on what substances are in regulated products. Instead of relying on names, which vary across regulatory domains, countries, and regions, the GSRS knowledge base makes it possible for substances to be defined by standardized, scientific descriptions. | |
| Explanation | Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required. | |
| Record name | Dolutegravir | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/8152 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
Melting Point |
190-193ºC |
Source
|
| Record name | Dolutegravir | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB08930 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
Q1: What is the primary target of Dolutegravir?
A1: this compound targets HIV-1 integrase, a viral enzyme crucial for integrating viral DNA into the host cell genome. [, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ]
Q2: How does this compound interact with HIV-1 integrase?
A2: this compound binds to the integrase-DNA complex, specifically at the catalytic core domain, preventing the strand transfer reaction. This interaction blocks the integration of viral DNA into the host cell chromosome, effectively inhibiting viral replication. [, , , , , , , , , , , ]
Q3: What are the downstream effects of this compound's inhibition of HIV-1 integrase?
A3: By preventing viral DNA integration, this compound inhibits the production of new viral particles, leading to a decrease in viral load and suppression of HIV-1 replication. [, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ]
Q4: What is the molecular formula and weight of this compound?
A4: While the provided papers discuss the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of this compound, they do not explicitly mention its molecular formula or weight. More specific chemical databases would be needed for this information.
Q5: Is there information available on the material compatibility and stability of this compound in various conditions?
A5: The provided papers primarily focus on this compound's activity and behavior within biological systems, with limited information on its material compatibility and stability under various environmental conditions.
Q6: Does this compound exhibit any catalytic properties itself?
A6: this compound acts as an inhibitor of the enzyme HIV-1 integrase and does not possess intrinsic catalytic properties. [, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ]
Q7: Have computational methods been used to study this compound?
A7: Yes, computational modeling has been used to investigate the binding interactions between this compound and HIV-1 integrase. These studies help to understand the structural basis of drug resistance and guide the development of next-generation inhibitors. [, ]
Q8: How do structural modifications of this compound impact its activity?
A8: While the provided papers do not extensively detail SAR studies, they highlight that mutations in the HIV-1 integrase enzyme can lead to this compound resistance. These mutations alter the drug's binding affinity and impact its ability to inhibit viral replication. [, , ]
Q9: What are the formulation strategies employed to enhance this compound's stability and bioavailability?
A9: Research indicates that the co-formulation of this compound with other antiretroviral agents, such as abacavir and lamivudine, offers advantages in terms of patient adherence and simplified treatment regimens. [, , , ]
Q10: Do the provided research papers discuss SHE regulations regarding this compound?
A10: The provided research papers primarily focus on the scientific aspects of this compound, including its mechanism of action, efficacy, and resistance. These papers do not explicitly address SHE (Safety, Health, and Environment) regulations, which would typically be covered in regulatory documents and guidelines.
Q11: How is this compound metabolized and excreted?
A11: this compound is primarily metabolized in the liver, mainly by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1), forming an inactive ether glucuronide as the main metabolite. Other minor metabolic pathways involve CYP3A4-mediated oxidation. Excretion occurs through both fecal (major route) and urinary routes. []
Q12: Are there any clinically significant drug-drug interactions with this compound?
A12: Yes, this compound shows clinically relevant drug-drug interactions. Co-administration with certain anticonvulsants, rifampicin (a tuberculosis drug), and atazanavir (another HIV drug) can alter this compound's plasma concentrations, requiring dose adjustments or therapeutic drug monitoring. [, , , ]
Q13: What evidence supports the clinical efficacy of this compound in HIV-infected individuals?
A13: Clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety of this compound-based regimens for treating HIV-infected individuals, including both treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced populations. These trials show high rates of viral suppression and immunological recovery with this compound. [, , , , , , , , ]
Q14: What are the known mechanisms of resistance to this compound?
A14: Resistance to this compound primarily arises from mutations in the HIV-1 integrase gene. Common mutations include N155H, Q148H/K/R, and G140S/C, which reduce this compound's binding affinity and decrease its inhibitory activity. [, , , ]
Q15: Does this compound exhibit cross-resistance with other antiretroviral drugs?
A15: While this compound demonstrates activity against viruses resistant to first-generation integrase inhibitors (raltegravir and elvitegravir), the emergence of this compound resistance mutations can lead to cross-resistance within the integrase inhibitor class. [, , , ]
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Veuillez noter que tous les articles et informations sur les produits présentés sur BenchChem sont destinés uniquement à des fins informatives. Les produits disponibles à l'achat sur BenchChem sont spécifiquement conçus pour des études in vitro, qui sont réalisées en dehors des organismes vivants. Les études in vitro, dérivées du terme latin "in verre", impliquent des expériences réalisées dans des environnements de laboratoire contrôlés à l'aide de cellules ou de tissus. Il est important de noter que ces produits ne sont pas classés comme médicaments et n'ont pas reçu l'approbation de la FDA pour la prévention, le traitement ou la guérison de toute condition médicale, affection ou maladie. Nous devons souligner que toute forme d'introduction corporelle de ces produits chez les humains ou les animaux est strictement interdite par la loi. Il est essentiel de respecter ces directives pour assurer la conformité aux normes légales et éthiques en matière de recherche et d'expérimentation.
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