molecular formula C38H72N2O12 B1666446 アジスロマイシン CAS No. 83905-01-5

アジスロマイシン

カタログ番号: B1666446
CAS番号: 83905-01-5
分子量: 749.0 g/mol
InChIキー: MQTOSJVFKKJCRP-FHZDSTMTSA-N
注意: 研究専用です。人間または獣医用ではありません。
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説明

アジスロマイシンは、さまざまな細菌感染症の治療に用いられる広域スペクトルのマクロライド系抗生物質です。 1980年代にクロアチアの製薬会社プリバ社によって発見され、1988年に医療用として承認されました アジスロマイシンは、長い半減期と高い組織浸透性で知られており、呼吸器感染症、腸管感染症、泌尿生殖器感染症に効果的です .

2. 製法

合成経路と反応条件: アジスロマイシンは、一連の化学反応を経てエリスロマイシンAから合成されます。このプロセスには、エリスロマイシンAをオキシムに変換し、続いてベックマン転位によってエリスロマイシンAのアミノエーテルを生成することが含まれます。 この中間体は次に9-デオキソ-9a-アザ-9a-ホモエリスロマイシンに還元され、最後に還元的なN-メチル化によってアジスロマイシンが得られます .

工業生産方法: アジスロマイシンの工業生産では、多くの場合、アジスロマイシン非晶質固体分散体を調製するために熱溶融押出法が使用されます。この方法は、薬物の溶解性と味覚マスキング特性を向上させます。 最適な押出パラメータには、150°Cの温度、75 rpmのスクリュー速度、25%の薬物含有率が含まれます .

生化学分析

Biochemical Properties

Azithromycin is part of the azalide subclass of macrolides, and contains a 15-membered ring, with a methyl-substituted nitrogen instead of a carbonyl group at the 9a position on the aglycone ring . This allows for the prevention of its metabolism . Azithromycin is a weak substrate for CYP3A4, and is minimally metabolized by the enzyme .

Cellular Effects

Azithromycin is known to have both antiviral and immunomodulatory effects . It interferes with receptor-mediated binding, viral lysosomal escape, intracellular cell-signaling pathways, and enhances type I and III interferon expression . It also disrupts immune and metabolic networks, including down-regulation of mucin production .

Molecular Mechanism

Azithromycin works by decreasing the production of protein, thereby stopping bacterial growth . It binds to the 23S rRNA of the bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit . This inhibits protein synthesis, which is essential for bacterial replication .

Temporal Effects in Laboratory Settings

Azithromycin is used long term for the prevention of exacerbations of bronchiectasis and COPD . The usual dose is 250mg three times a week . It has been demonstrated to maintain azithromycin concentrations at sites of infection and continues to be effective for several days after administration has ceased .

Dosage Effects in Animal Models

In animal models, the effects of azithromycin can vary with different dosages . For example, a single oral dose of 10 to 40 mg/kg provided tissue levels that were proportional to the dose in rats . Two- to 4-fold increases in tissue concentration were observed in rats after being dosed with 20 mg/kg for 7 days .

Metabolic Pathways

Azithromycin is associated with a network of altered energy metabolism pathways and immune subsets, including T cells biased toward immunomodulatory and exhausted profiles . In vitro, azithromycin exposure inhibited T-cell cytotoxicity against tumor cells and impaired T-cell metabolism through glycolysis inhibition .

Transport and Distribution

Azithromycin gains rapid and high concentration in a number of cells including polymorphonuclear leucocytes, monocytes, and macrophages . Extensive and rapid distribution from serum into the intracellular compartments is followed by rapid distribution to the tissues . Tissue concentrations exceed serum concentrations by up to 100-fold following a single azithromycin 500mg dose .

Subcellular Localization

Azithromycin gains entry into cells by both passive and active transport due to its dibasic amphophilic character . It acts by inhibiting protein biosynthesis at the 50S ribosomal level . Intracellular penetration is greatest in the first 24 hours, but continues for up to 72 hours in human fibroblasts .

準備方法

Synthetic Routes and Reaction Conditions: Azithromycin is synthesized from erythromycin A through a series of chemical reactions. The process involves the conversion of erythromycin A into its oxime, followed by Beckmann rearrangement to form the amino ether of erythromycin A. This intermediate is then reduced to 9-deoxo-9a-aza-9a-homoerythromycin, and finally, reductive N-methylation yields azithromycin .

Industrial Production Methods: Industrial production of azithromycin often involves hot-melt extrusion to prepare azithromycin amorphous solid dispersion. This method improves the solubility and taste-masking properties of the drug. The optimal extrusion parameters include a temperature of 150°C, a screw speed of 75 rpm, and a drug percentage of 25% .

類似化合物との比較

アジスロマイシンは、エリスロマイシンとクラリスロマイシンと構造的に関連しており、どちらもマクロライド系抗生物質です。 アジスロマイシンは、メチル置換窒素を持つ15員環を持っており、これはエリスロマイシンの14員ラクトン環とは異なります この構造上の違いにより、アジスロマイシンはエリスロマイシンよりも半減期が長く、組織への浸透性が高くなります その他の類似化合物には、クラリスロマイシンとロキシスロマイシンがあり、これらは作用機序は似ていますが、薬物動態特性は異なります .

類似化合物:

  • エリスロマイシン
  • クラリスロマイシン
  • ロキシスロマイシン

アジスロマイシンのユニークな構造と特性は、医学と研究において幅広い用途を持つ貴重な抗生物質となっています。

特性

Azithromycin usually is bacteriostatic, although the drug may be bactericidal in high concentrations against selected organisms. Bactericidal activity has been observed in vitro against Streptococcus pyogenes, S. pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae. Azithromycin inhibits protein synthesis in susceptible organisms by penetrating the cell wall and binding to 50S ribosomal subunits, thereby inhibiting translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and inhibiting polypeptide synthesis. The site of action of azithromycin appears to be the same as that of the macrolides (i.e., erythromycin, clarithromycin), clindamycin, lincomycin, and chloramphenicol. The antimicrobial activity of azithromycin is reduced at low pH. Azithromycin concentrates in phagocytes, including polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts. Penetration of the drug into phagocytic cells is necessary for activity against intracellular pathogens (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydia trachomatis, Salmonella typhi).

CAS番号

83905-01-5

分子式

C38H72N2O12

分子量

749.0 g/mol

IUPAC名

(2R,3S,4R,5R,8R,10R,11R,12S,13S,14R)-11-[4-(dimethylamino)-3-hydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy-2-ethyl-3,4,10-trihydroxy-13-(5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-4,6-dimethyloxan-2-yl)oxy-3,5,6,8,10,12,14-heptamethyl-1-oxa-6-azacyclopentadecan-15-one

InChI

InChI=1S/C38H72N2O12/c1-15-27-38(10,46)31(42)24(6)40(13)19-20(2)17-36(8,45)33(52-35-29(41)26(39(11)12)16-21(3)48-35)22(4)30(23(5)34(44)50-27)51-28-18-37(9,47-14)32(43)25(7)49-28/h20-33,35,41-43,45-46H,15-19H2,1-14H3/t20-,21?,22+,23-,24-,25?,26?,27-,28?,29?,30+,31-,32?,33-,35?,36-,37?,38-/m1/s1

InChIキー

MQTOSJVFKKJCRP-FHZDSTMTSA-N

SMILES

CCC1C(C(C(N(CC(CC(C(C(C(C(C(=O)O1)C)OC2CC(C(C(O2)C)O)(C)OC)C)OC3C(C(CC(O3)C)N(C)C)O)(C)O)C)C)C)O)(C)O

異性体SMILES

CC[C@@H]1[C@@]([C@@H]([C@H](N(C[C@@H](C[C@@]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](C(=O)O1)C)OC2CC(C(C(O2)C)O)(C)OC)C)OC3C(C(CC(O3)C)N(C)C)O)(C)O)C)C)C)O)(C)O

正規SMILES

CCC1C(C(C(N(CC(CC(C(C(C(C(C(=O)O1)C)OC2CC(C(C(O2)C)O)(C)OC)C)OC3C(C(CC(O3)C)N(C)C)O)(C)O)C)C)C)O)(C)O

外観

Solid powder

Color/Form

Amorphous solid

melting_point

113-115 °C
White crystalline powder. mp: 126 °C. Optical rotation: -41.4 deg at 26 °C/D (c = 1 in CHCl3) /Azithromycin dihydrate/

83905-01-5

物理的記述

Solid

ピクトグラム

Irritant; Health Hazard; Environmental Hazard

純度

>98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)

関連するCAS

117772-70-0 (dihydrate)
121470-24-4 (monohydrate)

賞味期限

>2 years if stored properly

溶解性

soluble in ethanol and DSMO, minimally soluble in water
5.14e-01 g/L

保存方法

Dry, dark and at 0 - 4 C for short term (days to weeks) or -20 C for long term (months to years).

同義語

Azadose
Azithromycin
Azithromycin Dihydrate
Azithromycin Monohydrate
Azitrocin
Azythromycin
CP 62993
CP-62993
CP62993
Dihydrate, Azithromycin
Goxal
Monohydrate, Azithromycin
Sumamed
Toraseptol
Ultreon
Vinzam
Zentavion
Zithromax
Zitromax

蒸気圧

2.65X10-24 mm Hg at 25 °C (est)

製品の起源

United States

Retrosynthesis Analysis

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Strategy Settings

Precursor scoring Relevance Heuristic
Min. plausibility 0.01
Model Template_relevance
Template Set Pistachio/Bkms_metabolic/Pistachio_ringbreaker/Reaxys/Reaxys_biocatalysis
Top-N result to add to graph 6

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試験管内研究製品の免責事項と情報

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