メベンダゾール
概要
説明
メベンダゾールは、さまざまな寄生虫感染症の治療に使用される広域スペクトル抗寄生虫薬です。 ベルギーのヤンセン・ファーマシューティカによって開発され、1971年に使用されました . メベンダゾールは、回虫、鉤虫、鞭虫、蟯虫などのさまざまな線虫感染症に効果的です . 血液中への吸収が低いため、腸内寄生虫の治療に特に効果的です .
作用機序
メベンダゾールは、寄生虫のチューブリンの重合を阻害することで作用し、微小管の形成を阻害し、グルコースの取り込みを妨げます . これにより、最終的に寄生虫が死滅します。 この化合物は、細胞増殖、アポトーシス、および侵入/移動に関与する重要な経路を標的にします .
科学的研究の応用
Mebendazole has been repurposed for various scientific research applications beyond its original use as an anthelmintic. It has shown promise in the treatment of brain cancers, including glioma, by inhibiting malignant progression and increasing the sensitivity of glioma cells to conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy . Additionally, mebendazole has been explored for its anticancer properties in multiple cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, and gastrointestinal cancer .
生化学分析
Biochemical Properties
Mebendazole functions by interfering with the polymerization of tubulin, a protein essential for microtubule formation. This disruption leads to the loss of cytoplasmic microtubules, which are crucial for various cellular processes, including cell division and intracellular transport . Mebendazole interacts with beta-tubulin, inhibiting its polymerization and thereby affecting the stability of microtubules . Additionally, Mebendazole has been shown to inhibit glucose uptake in parasitic worms, leading to their death .
Cellular Effects
Mebendazole exerts significant effects on various cell types and cellular processes. In cancer cells, Mebendazole induces apoptosis by disrupting microtubule dynamics and causing cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase . It also affects cell signaling pathways, including the hedgehog signaling pathway, which is involved in cell proliferation and survival . Mebendazole has been shown to decrease the expression of genes associated with cell proliferation and increase the expression of pro-apoptotic genes . Furthermore, Mebendazole influences cellular metabolism by inhibiting glucose uptake and disrupting mitochondrial function .
Molecular Mechanism
At the molecular level, Mebendazole binds to beta-tubulin, inhibiting its polymerization and disrupting microtubule formation . This inhibition leads to the destabilization of microtubules, which are essential for cell division and intracellular transport . Mebendazole also affects other molecular targets, including the Bcl-2 family of proteins, which regulate apoptosis . By inhibiting Bcl-2, Mebendazole promotes the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, triggering the apoptotic cascade . Additionally, Mebendazole has been shown to inhibit angiogenesis by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling .
Temporal Effects in Laboratory Settings
In laboratory settings, the effects of Mebendazole have been observed to change over time. Mebendazole is relatively stable, but its efficacy can decrease due to degradation . Long-term studies have shown that Mebendazole can cause sustained inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis in in vivo models . The stability and degradation of Mebendazole can vary depending on the experimental conditions and the presence of other compounds .
Dosage Effects in Animal Models
The effects of Mebendazole vary with different dosages in animal models. At low doses, Mebendazole effectively inhibits parasitic worm infections without causing significant toxicity . At higher doses, Mebendazole can cause adverse effects, including bone marrow suppression and hepatotoxicity . In cancer models, higher doses of Mebendazole have been shown to inhibit tumor growth and metastasis more effectively . The therapeutic window for Mebendazole is relatively wide, but careful dose optimization is necessary to minimize toxicity .
Metabolic Pathways
Mebendazole is metabolized primarily in the liver by cytochrome P450 enzymes . The major metabolic pathways involve oxidation and reduction reactions, leading to the formation of various metabolites . These metabolites can have different pharmacological activities and contribute to the overall efficacy and toxicity of Mebendazole . The metabolic flux and levels of metabolites can vary depending on the dose and duration of treatment .
Transport and Distribution
Mebendazole is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract, resulting in low systemic bioavailability . Once absorbed, Mebendazole is extensively distributed in tissues, including the liver, lungs, and kidneys . It is transported in the bloodstream bound to plasma proteins, primarily albumin . Mebendazole can also penetrate the blood-brain barrier, making it effective against central nervous system infections and tumors .
Subcellular Localization
Mebendazole localizes primarily in the cytoplasm, where it interacts with microtubules . It does not have specific targeting signals or post-translational modifications that direct it to specific organelles . Its effects on microtubule dynamics can influence the distribution and function of other cellular components, including mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum . The disruption of microtubules by Mebendazole can lead to changes in the organization and function of these organelles .
準備方法
合成経路と反応条件
メベンダゾールの調製には、アシル化反応に続いてフリーデル・クラフツ反応が含まれます。アシル化反応では、トリクロロトルエンを50〜90°Cに加熱し、塩化亜鉛水溶液を滴下します。 反応後、減圧蒸留を行い、塩化ベンゾイルを得ます . フリーデル・クラフツ反応では、カルベンダジム、溶媒、無水塩化アルミニウムを混合して撹拌します。次に、塩化ベンゾイルを滴下し、その後は連続撹拌と熱保存反応を行います。 減圧蒸留を行い、メベンダゾールを得ます .
工業的生産方法
メベンダゾールの工業的生産は、一般的に上記と同じ合成経路に従います。 このプロセスは、高収率と効率のために最適化されており、シンプルなフロー、穏やかな条件、および高い原子利用率に重点が置かれています .
化学反応の分析
反応の種類
メベンダゾールは、酸化反応、還元反応、置換反応など、さまざまな化学反応を起こします。
一般的な試薬と条件
酸化： 過酸化水素や過マンガン酸カリウムなどの一般的な酸化剤を使用できます。
還元： 水素存在下でパラジウム担持炭素触媒などの還元剤を使用できます.
置換： 置換反応では、多くの場合、ハロゲン化剤または求核剤を使用します。
主な生成物
これらの反応から生成される主な生成物は、使用される特定の試薬と条件によって異なります。 例えば、パラジウム担持炭素触媒を用いて4-アミノ-3-ニトロベンゾフェノンを還元すると、3,4-ジアミノベンゾフェノンが生成されます .
科学研究への応用
メベンダゾールは、抗寄生虫薬としての本来の用途を超えて、さまざまな科学研究に応用されています。 神経膠腫を含む脳腫瘍の治療において、悪性進行を阻害し、神経膠腫細胞の従来の化学療法または放射線療法に対する感受性を高めることが期待されています . さらに、メベンダゾールは、急性骨髄性白血病、乳がん、胃腸がんなど、複数の癌に対する抗癌作用について検討されています .
類似化合物との比較
特性
IUPAC Name |
methyl N-(6-benzoyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)carbamate |
Source
|
|---|---|---|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI |
InChI=1S/C16H13N3O3/c1-22-16(21)19-15-17-12-8-7-11(9-13(12)18-15)14(20)10-5-3-2-4-6-10/h2-9H,1H3,(H2,17,18,19,21) |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI Key |
OPXLLQIJSORQAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Canonical SMILES |
COC(=O)NC1=NC2=C(N1)C=C(C=C2)C(=O)C3=CC=CC=C3 |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Molecular Formula |
C16H13N3O3 |
Source
|
| Record name | MEBENDAZOLE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
| URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/20586 | |
| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
| Explanation | CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data. | |
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
DSSTOX Substance ID |
DTXSID4040682 |
Source
|
| Record name | Mebendazole | |
| Source | EPA DSSTox | |
| URL | https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID4040682 | |
| Description | DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology. | |
Molecular Weight |
295.29 g/mol |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Physical Description |
Mebendazole is a white to slightly yellow powder. Pleasant taste. Practically water insoluble. (NTP, 1992), Solid |
Source
|
| Record name | MEBENDAZOLE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
| URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/20586 | |
| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
| Explanation | CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data. | |
| Record name | Mebendazole | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014781 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Solubility |
Practically insoluble (NTP, 1992), Soluble in formic acid. Practically insoluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform, In water, 7.13X10+1 mg/L at 25 °C, 3.87e-02 g/L |
Source
|
| Record name | MEBENDAZOLE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
| URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/20586 | |
| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
| Explanation | CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data. | |
| Record name | Mebendazole | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00643 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | MEBENDAZOLE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3232 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Mebendazole | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014781 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Mechanism of Action |
Mebendazole causes degenerative alterations in the tegument and intestinal cells of the worm by binding to the colchicine-sensitive site of tubulin, thus inhibiting its polymerization or assembly into microtubules. The loss of the cytoplasmic microtubules leads to impaired uptake of glucose by the larval and adult stages of the susceptible parasites, and depletes their glycogen stores. Degenerative changes in the endoplasmic reticulum, the mitochondria of the germinal layer, and the subsequent release of lysosomes result in decreased production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is the energy required for the survival of the helminth. Due to diminished energy production, the parasite is immobilized and eventually dies., Although the exact mechanism of anthelmintic activity of mebendazole has not been fully elucidated, the drug appears to cause selective and irreversible inhibition of the uptake of glucose and other low molecular weight nutrients in susceptible helminths; inhibition of glucose uptake appears to result in endogenous depletion of glycogen stores in the helminth. Mebendazole does not inhibit glucose uptake in mammals. Mebendazole appears to cause degenerative changes in the intestine of nematodes and in the absorptive cells of cestodes. The principal anthelmintic effect of the drug appears to be degeneration of cytoplasmic microtubules within these intestinal and absorptive cells. Microtubular deterioration results in inhibition of organelle movement and interferes with the absorptive and secretory function. As a result of excessive accumulation of intracellular transport secretory granules, hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes are released and cause cellular autolysis. This irreversible damage leads to death of the parasite., Vermicidal; may also be ovicidal for ova or most helminths; mebendazole causes degeneration of parasite's cytoplasmic microtubules and thereby selectively and irreversibly blocks glucose uptake in susceptible adult intestine-dwelling helminths and their tissue-dwelling larvae; inhibition of glucose uptake apparently results in depletion of the parasite's glycogen stores; this, in turn, results in reduced formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) required for survival and reproduction of the helminth; corresponding energy levels are gradually reduced until death of the parasite ensues; mebendazole does not appear to affect serum glucose concentrations in humans, however., Benzimidazoles produce many biochemical changes in susceptible nematodes, eg, inhibition of mitochondrial fumarate reductase, reduced glucose transport, and uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation ... /but/ the primary action ... /should be/ to inhibit microtubule polymerization by binding to beta-tubulin. The selective toxicity of these agents derives from the fact that specific, high-affinity binding to parasite beta-tubulin occurs at much lower concn than does binding to the mammalian protein ... Benzimidazole-resistant Haemonchus contortus display reduced high-affinity drug binding to beta-tubulin and alterations in beta-tubulin isotype gene expression that correlate with drug resistance ... Two identified mechanisms of drug resistance in nematodes involve both a progressive loss of "susceptible" beta-tubulin gene isotypes together with emergence of a "resistant" isotype with a conserved point mutation that encodes a tyrosine instead of phenylalanine at position 200 of beta-tubulin. While this mutation may not be required for benzimidazole resistance in all parasites, eg, Giardia lamblia, benzimidazole resistance in parasitic nematodes is unlikely to be overcome by novel benzimidazole analogs, because tyrosine also is present at position 200 of human beta-tubulin. /Benzimidazoles/ |
Source
|
| Record name | Mebendazole | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00643 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | MEBENDAZOLE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3232 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
Color/Form |
Off-white amorphous powder, Crystals from acetic acid and methanol | |
CAS No. |
31431-39-7 |
Source
|
| Record name | MEBENDAZOLE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
| URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/20586 | |
| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
| Explanation | CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data. | |
| Record name | Mebendazole | |
| Source | CAS Common Chemistry | |
| URL | https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=31431-39-7 | |
| Description | CAS Common Chemistry is an open community resource for accessing chemical information. Nearly 500,000 chemical substances from CAS REGISTRY cover areas of community interest, including common and frequently regulated chemicals, and those relevant to high school and undergraduate chemistry classes. This chemical information, curated by our expert scientists, is provided in alignment with our mission as a division of the American Chemical Society. | |
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| Record name | Mebendazole [USAN:USP:INN:BAN:JAN] | |
| Source | ChemIDplus | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/?source=chemidplus&sourceid=0031431397 | |
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| Record name | Mebendazole | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00643 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | mebendazole | |
| Source | DTP/NCI | |
| URL | https://dtp.cancer.gov/dtpstandard/servlet/dwindex?searchtype=NSC&outputformat=html&searchlist=757838 | |
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| Record name | mebendazole | |
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| Record name | Mebendazole | |
| Source | EPA DSSTox | |
| URL | https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID4040682 | |
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| Record name | Mebendazole | |
| Source | European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) | |
| URL | https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.046.017 | |
| Description | The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) is an agency of the European Union which is the driving force among regulatory authorities in implementing the EU's groundbreaking chemicals legislation for the benefit of human health and the environment as well as for innovation and competitiveness. | |
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| Record name | MEBENDAZOLE | |
| Source | FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS) | |
| URL | https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/81G6I5V05I | |
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| Record name | MEBENDAZOLE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3232 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Mebendazole | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014781 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Melting Point |
551.3 °F (NTP, 1992), 288.5 °C |
Source
|
| Record name | MEBENDAZOLE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
| URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/20586 | |
| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
| Explanation | CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data. | |
| Record name | Mebendazole | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00643 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | MEBENDAZOLE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3232 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Mebendazole | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014781 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Retrosynthesis Analysis
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Strategy Settings
| Precursor scoring | Relevance Heuristic |
|---|---|
| Min. plausibility | 0.01 |
| Model | Template_relevance |
| Template Set | Pistachio/Bkms_metabolic/Pistachio_ringbreaker/Reaxys/Reaxys_biocatalysis |
| Top-N result to add to graph | 6 |
Feasible Synthetic Routes
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