Potassium chloride
Katalognummer:
B3419453
CAS-Nummer:
14336-88-0
Molekulargewicht:
74.55 g/mol
InChI-Schlüssel:
WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M
Achtung:
Nur für Forschungszwecke. Nicht für den menschlichen oder tierärztlichen Gebrauch.
Übersicht
Beschreibung
Potassium chloride is an ionic compound with the chemical formula KCl. It consists of one potassium atom and one chlorine atom, forming a white-to-colorless face-centered cubic crystal. This compound is naturally occurring and can be found in minerals such as sylvite and carnallite. This compound is widely used in various industries, including agriculture, medicine, and food processing .
Synthetic Routes and Reaction Conditions:
- this compound can be synthesized by reacting potassium metal with chlorine gas. This reaction is highly exothermic and must be conducted with caution:
Direct Reaction: 2K+Cl2→2KCl
A more common laboratory method involves reacting potassium hydroxide with hydrochloric acid:Acid-Base Reaction: KOH+HCl→KCl+H2O
this compound can also be prepared by reacting potassium carbonate with hydrochloric acid:Double Displacement Reaction: K2CO3+2HCl→2KCl+H2O+CO2
Industrial Production Methods: this compound is primarily extracted from mineral deposits such as sylvinite, a mixture of sodium chloride and this compound. The extraction process involves fractional crystallization or flotation. In fractional crystallization, differences in solubility are exploited, while in flotation, air bubbles are used to separate this compound crystals from the mixture .
Types of Reactions:
- this compound can be reduced to potassium metal by reacting with sodium at high temperatures:
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions: KCl+Na→K+NaCl
this compound can participate in halogen displacement reactions, such as:Substitution Reactions: Cl2+2KI→2KCl+I2
Common Reagents and Conditions:
Oxidizing Agents: Chlorine gas for direct synthesis.
Acids: Hydrochloric acid for acid-base reactions.
Bases: Potassium hydroxide for neutralization reactions.
Major Products:
Potassium Metal: From reduction reactions.
Potassium Iodide: From halogen displacement reactions .
Wissenschaftliche Forschungsanwendungen
Potassium chloride has a wide range of applications in scientific research:
Chemistry: Used as a reagent in various chemical reactions and as a standard in analytical chemistry.
Biology: Essential for maintaining cell membrane potential and nerve impulse transmission.
Medicine: Used to treat hypokalemia (low potassium levels) and as an electrolyte replenisher.
Industry: Utilized in the production of fertilizers, food processing, and as a flux in metal casting
Wirkmechanismus
Potassium chloride replenishes potassium ions in the body, which are crucial for various physiological processes. Potassium ions help maintain the resting membrane potential of cells, facilitate nerve impulse conduction, and support muscle contraction, including cardiac muscle. The primary molecular targets are potassium channels and transporters that regulate potassium ion flow across cell membranes .
Vergleich Mit ähnlichen Verbindungen
Sodium Chloride (NaCl): Common table salt, used widely in food and industrial applications.
Potassium Nitrate (KNO3): Used in fertilizers, food preservation, and fireworks.
Potassium Sulfate (K2SO4): Another potassium fertilizer with different solubility properties.
Uniqueness of Potassium Chloride: this compound is unique due to its high potassium content and versatility in various applications. Unlike sodium chloride, it is used extensively in agriculture to provide essential potassium for plant growth. Its role in medicine as an electrolyte replenisher also sets it apart from other potassium compounds .
Eigenschaften
IUPAC Name |
potassium;chloride |
Source
|
|---|---|---|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI |
InChI=1S/ClH.K/h1H;/q;+1/p-1 |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI Key |
WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Canonical SMILES |
[Cl-].[K+] |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Molecular Formula |
ClK, KCl |
Source
|
| Record name | POTASSIUM CHLORIDE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
| URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/20948 | |
| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
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| Record name | POTASSIUM CHLORIDE | |
| Source | EU Food Improvement Agents | |
| URL | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32012R0231 | |
| Description | Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 of 9 March 2012 laying down specifications for food additives listed in Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council Text with EEA relevance | |
| Record name | POTASSIUM CHLORIDE | |
| Source | ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs) | |
| URL | https://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_version=2&p_card_id=1450 | |
| Description | The International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs) are data sheets intended to provide essential safety and health information on chemicals in a clear and concise way. The primary aim of the Cards is to promote the safe use of chemicals in the workplace. | |
| Explanation | Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 | |
| Record name | potassium chloride | |
| Source | Wikipedia | |
| URL | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassium_chloride | |
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| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
DSSTOX Substance ID |
DTXSID5021178 |
Source
|
| Record name | Potassium chloride | |
| Source | EPA DSSTox | |
| URL | https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID5021178 | |
| Description | DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology. | |
Molecular Weight |
74.55 g/mol |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Physical Description |
Potassium chloride appears as white colorless cubic crystals. Strong saline taste. (NTP, 1992), Dry Powder; Dry Powder, Pellets or Large Crystals; Liquid; Liquid, Other Solid; Other Solid; Pellets or Large Crystals; Pellets or Large Crystals, Liquid, Colourless, elongated, prismatic or cubital crystals or white granular powder. Odourless, White crystals that are hygroscopic and water soluble; tastes similar to NaCl; [CAMEO], COLOURLESS HYGROSCOPIC CRYSTALS. |
Source
|
| Record name | POTASSIUM CHLORIDE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
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| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
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| Record name | Potassium chloride (KCl) | |
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| Record name | POTASSIUM CHLORIDE | |
| Source | EU Food Improvement Agents | |
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| Description | Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 of 9 March 2012 laying down specifications for food additives listed in Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council Text with EEA relevance | |
| Record name | Potassium chloride | |
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Boiling Point |
Sublimes at 2732 °F (NTP, 1992), Sublimes 1500 °C, Specific heat = 693.7 J/kg-K; Heat of fusion = 337.7 kJ/mol; Enthalpy of formation = -436.7 kJ/mol; Entropy (S) = 82.55 J/mol-K; Dielectric constant (at 1X10+6 Hz) = 4.68; Thermal coeff of expansion (15-25 °C) = 33.7X10-6/K; Boiling point of saturated solution at 1.013 bar = 108.6 °C |
Source
|
| Record name | POTASSIUM CHLORIDE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
| URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/20948 | |
| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
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| Record name | POTASSIUM CHLORIDE | |
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| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/1252 | |
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Solubility |
greater than 100 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992), Freely soluble, Freely soluble in water. Insoluble in ethanol, In water, 35.5 g/100 g water at 25 °C, 1 g dissolves in 2.8 mL water, 1.8 mL boiling water ... /addtion of/ hydrochloric acid, or sodium chloride, or magnesium chloride, diminishes its solubility in water, Insoluble in ether, acetone, 1 g dissolves in 14 mL glycerol, about 250 mL alcohol. Insoluble in ether, acetone., For more Solubility (Complete) data for POTASSIUM CHLORIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page., Solubility in water at 20 °C: good |
Source
|
| Record name | POTASSIUM CHLORIDE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
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| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
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| Record name | Potassium chloride | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
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| Record name | POTASSIUM CHLORIDE | |
| Source | EU Food Improvement Agents | |
| URL | https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A32012R0231 | |
| Description | Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 of 9 March 2012 laying down specifications for food additives listed in Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council Text with EEA relevance | |
| Record name | POTASSIUM CHLORIDE | |
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| Record name | POTASSIUM CHLORIDE | |
| Source | ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs) | |
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Density |
1.984 (NTP, 1992) - Denser than water; will sink, 1.988 g/cu cm, Density of saturated aq soln at 15 °C: 1.172, 1.98 g/cm³ |
Source
|
| Record name | POTASSIUM CHLORIDE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
| URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/20948 | |
| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
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| Record name | POTASSIUM CHLORIDE | |
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| Record name | POTASSIUM CHLORIDE | |
| Source | ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs) | |
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| Description | The International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs) are data sheets intended to provide essential safety and health information on chemicals in a clear and concise way. The primary aim of the Cards is to promote the safe use of chemicals in the workplace. | |
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Mechanism of Action |
Supplemental potassium in the form of high potassium food or potassium chloride may be able to restore normal potassium levels., K+ is the principal cation mediating the osmotic balance of the body fluids. In animals, the maintenance of normal cell volume and pressure depends on Na+ and K+ pumping. The K+/Na+ separation has allowed for evolution of reversible transmembrane electrical potentials essential for nerve and muscle action in animals, and both potassium and chloride are important in transmission of nerve impulses to the muscle fibers. /postasium/, The reported mutagenic effect of KCl most probably results from a disruption of osmotic balance of cells with a subsequent interference with chromosomal stability. This may result in the clastogenic effects (DNA breakage and chromosome structural instability) due to K+ effects on sequestering of Mg2+ ions required for normal maintenance of chromatin integrity. Other chemicals may also exert such effect (e.g. NaCl, sucrose)., Potassium and chloride is also important in the regulation of the acid-base balance of the body. Potassium is the principal base in tissues of blood cells, and Cl maintains electrochemical neutrality by anion exchange with bicarbonate (the chloride shift) in the CO2 transport in the blood red cells. |
Source
|
| Record name | Potassium chloride | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00761 | |
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| Record name | POTASSIUM CHLORIDE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/1252 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
Impurities |
Contaminants: Magnesium sulfate salts, /Chemical grade KCl/ Industrial & Refined grade: Na, Br, SO4, Ca, Ca & Mg, Pb, Fe, Cu, Ni, Cr, Mo, V, Ti, Impurities are usually sodium chloride and magnesium chloride, NaCl, bromide and alkaline earth sulfates, depending on the raw material and production process |
Source
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| Record name | POTASSIUM CHLORIDE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/1252 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
Color/Form |
White crystals or crystalline powder, Colorless crystals, Colorless, elongated, prismatic, or cubical crystals or as a white granular powder | |
CAS No. |
7447-40-7, 14336-88-0 |
Source
|
| Record name | POTASSIUM CHLORIDE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
| URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/20948 | |
| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
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| Record name | Potassium chloride | |
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| Record name | Sylvite (KCl) | |
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| Record name | Potassium chloride [USP:JAN] | |
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Melting Point |
1418 °F (NTP, 1992), 771 °C, 770-773 °C |
Source
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| Record name | POTASSIUM CHLORIDE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
| URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/20948 | |
| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
| Explanation | CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data. | |
| Record name | Potassium chloride | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00761 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | POTASSIUM CHLORIDE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/1252 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | POTASSIUM CHLORIDE | |
| Source | ILO-WHO International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs) | |
| URL | https://www.ilo.org/dyn/icsc/showcard.display?p_version=2&p_card_id=1450 | |
| Description | The International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSCs) are data sheets intended to provide essential safety and health information on chemicals in a clear and concise way. The primary aim of the Cards is to promote the safe use of chemicals in the workplace. | |
| Explanation | Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 | |
Synthesis routes and methods I
Procedure details
A feed with 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (CHPMA), epichlorohydrln, and minor amounts of by-products (GMA and heavies such as polymer by-product materials) flows into an epoxidation reactor to which aqueous alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or potassium hydroxide (KOH) and additional epichlorohydrin are added. KOH reacts with CHPMA to form glycidyl methacrylate to (GMA), water, and potassium chloride (KCl). Sodium hydroxide may be used in place of KOH, but a higher GMA yield is obtained using KOH. Preferable reaction conditions are: starting molar epichlorohydrin/CHPMA ratio of 6.0 or higher (most preferably 9.0), molar KOH/CHPMA ratio of 0.8-1.5 (most preferably 1.1, temperature of 40-80 degrees centigrade (most preferably 60-65 degrees Centigrade), and a pressure of less than atmospheric (typically 150-200 mm Hg absolute). Preferably, KOH is added as a 40-60 weight per cent solution in water. A vapor stream removed from the epoxidation reactor is fractionated and the overhead epichlorohydrin/water stream is condensed and allowed to separate into two liquid phases. The heavier (organic) phase is returned to the fractionation tower as reflux and from the bottom of the fractionation tower to the epoxidation reactor. (See FIG. 7 and previous description thereof). The aqueous phase is sent forward in the process in the same manner as previously described for the epoxy process to serve as wash water which removes the last traces of KCl from the GMA product before the epichlorohydrin is stripped and the product recovered.
[Compound]
Name
alkali metal hydroxides
Quantity
0 (± 1) mol
Type
reactant
Reaction Step Two
Name
Synthesis routes and methods II
Procedure details
An object of this invention is to provide a process for preparing a dry-converted potassium sulfate having a residual chlorine content of less than 3.5%, particularly of less than 2.0% from a dry-converted potassium sulfate obtained under the condition of a potassium chloride to sulfuric acid molar ratio of from 2.0 to 2.2.
Name
Synthesis routes and methods III
Procedure details
The catalyst is removed using tris-(hydroxymethyl)phosphine (“THMP”) which is prepared by adding 245 g of tetrakis-(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (1.03 mol, Strem) and 500 mL of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) to a 2 L round-bottomed flask, degassing the mixture with nitrogen for 20 minutes, slowly adding 64 g (1.03 mol, 90% purity, Aldrich) of potassium hydroxide over 30 minutes to the vigorously stirring solution, while under a nitrogen atmosphere, and, after the potassium hydroxide has been added, stirring the reaction for an additional 30 minutes. This reaction is exothermic, and produces THMP, formaldehyde, potassium chloride, and water. The catalyst is then removed using the THMP by adding 25-100 mol equivalents of THMP per mole of ruthenium catalyst, stirring vigorously at 60-70° C. for 18 to 24 hours, under nitrogen, adding degassed water or methanol (˜150 mL/L of reaction mixture) and vigorously stirring for 10 minutes, and centrifuging the mixture for phase separation. The oil may have to be heated to remove the residual water or methanol. The aqueous phase will contain small amounts of IPA, formaldehyde, and potassium chloride, and will need to be purged or cleaned for recycling.
Name
Synthesis routes and methods IV
Procedure details
Dissolve anhydrous salts such as Yttrium chloride (YCl3) in pure ethanol. Add a known quantity of potassium to ethanol and make potassium ethoxide, KOC2H5. Mix this with YCl3 in ethanol and stir. Under refluxing, a clear solution of yttrium ethoxide and a precipitate of potassium chloride is obtained. The dopant Eu can similarly be added to the Yttrium chloride in ethanol at first and this reaction would form Yttrium europium ethoxides. The ethoxides can then be hydrolyzed by adding a solution of ammonia at room temperature. These products are separated and can then be deposited by various means outlined earlier.
Name
Yttrium chloride
Quantity
0 (± 1) mol
Type
reactant
Reaction Step One
Name
potassium ethoxide
Quantity
0 (± 1) mol
Type
reactant
Reaction Step Three
Name
KOC2H5
Quantity
0 (± 1) mol
Type
reactant
Reaction Step Four
Name
YCl3
Quantity
0 (± 1) mol
Type
reactant
Reaction Step Five
Name
Name
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