Acétazolamide
Vue d'ensemble
Description
L’acétazolamide est un inhibiteur de l’anhydrase carbonique largement utilisé dans le domaine médical. Il est connu pour ses applications dans le traitement du glaucome, de l’épilepsie, du mal des montagnes aigu, de la paralysie périodique, de l’hypertension intracrânienne idiopathique et de l’insuffisance cardiaque. Le composé est également utilisé pour alcaliniser l’urine . L’this compound a été introduit pour la première fois en 1952 et est disponible sous forme de médicament générique .
Mécanisme D'action
L’acétazolamide agit en inhibant l’enzyme anhydrase carbonique, ce qui diminue la formation d’ions hydrogène et de bicarbonate à partir du dioxyde de carbone et de l’eau . Cette inhibition entraîne une réduction de la réabsorption des ions bicarbonate, sodium et chlorure dans le tubule proximal du rein, ce qui se traduit par une augmentation de l’excrétion de ces ions ainsi que d’une excrétion excessive d’eau . Ce mécanisme contribue à abaisser la pression artérielle, la pression intracrânienne et la pression intraoculaire .
Composés similaires :
Sulfanilamide : Un composé découvert plus tôt présentant une activité inhibitrice enzymatique similaire, mais beaucoup moins puissant que l’this compound.
Autres dérivés de sulfonamide : Divers diurétiques et anticonvulsivants ayant une activité anhydrase carbonique faible à modérée.
Unicité de l’this compound : L’this compound se démarque par son effet inhibiteur puissant sur l’anhydrase carbonique, ce qui le rend très efficace pour traiter un large éventail d’affections médicales. Sa capacité à agir comme diurétique, anticonvulsivant et médicament contre le glaucome souligne sa polyvalence et son importance dans les milieux cliniques et de recherche .
Applications De Recherche Scientifique
L’acétazolamide a un large éventail d’applications en recherche scientifique :
Chimie : Utilisé comme inhibiteur de l’anhydrase carbonique dans diverses réactions chimiques.
Biologie : Étudié pour ses effets sur l’activité des canaux ioniques/hydriques des membranes cellulaires.
Médecine : Utilisé pour traiter le glaucome, l’épilepsie, le mal des montagnes aigu, la paralysie périodique, l’hypertension intracrânienne idiopathique et l’insuffisance cardiaque.
Industrie : Utilisé dans la production de produits pharmaceutiques et comme agent antibactérien et antioxydant.
Analyse Biochimique
Biochemical Properties
Acetazolamide’s major biochemical and pharmacological effect is deemed to be carbonic anhydrase inhibition . It interacts with this enzyme, inhibiting its activity . This interaction plays a significant role in the biochemical reactions involving Acetazolamide .
Cellular Effects
Acetazolamide has a profound impact on cellular membrane ion/water channel activity . It influences cell function by modulating these channels, which can affect cell signaling pathways, gene expression, and cellular metabolism .
Molecular Mechanism
The molecular mechanism of Acetazolamide is primarily based on its inhibition of carbonic anhydrase . This inhibition leads to changes in ion/water channel activity at the cellular membrane, which can result in changes in gene expression .
Temporal Effects in Laboratory Settings
The effects of Acetazolamide can change over time in laboratory settings . Information on the product’s stability, degradation, and any long-term effects on cellular function observed in in vitro or in vivo studies is currently being researched .
Dosage Effects in Animal Models
The effects of Acetazolamide can vary with different dosages in animal models . Studies are ongoing to determine any threshold effects observed in these studies, as well as any toxic or adverse effects at high doses .
Metabolic Pathways
Acetazolamide is involved in metabolic pathways through its interaction with carbonic anhydrase . This interaction can affect metabolic flux or metabolite levels .
Transport and Distribution
It is believed to interact with certain transporters or binding proteins, which could affect its localization or accumulation .
Subcellular Localization
The subcellular localization of Acetazolamide and its effects on its activity or function are areas of active research . It is possible that certain targeting signals or post-translational modifications direct it to specific compartments or organelles .
Méthodes De Préparation
Voies de synthèse et conditions réactionnelles : La synthèse de l’acétazolamide implique l’oxydation d’un dérivé thiolique pour former un intermédiaire chlorure de sulfonyle. Cet intermédiaire réagit ensuite avec diverses amines, hydrazones et précurseurs de bis-amines pour créer de nouveaux dérivés de sulfonamide . Le processus d’oxydation peut être amélioré en remplaçant le chlore gazeux par de l’hypochlorite de sodium (eau de Javel commerciale), ce qui améliore la sécurité et les conditions environnementales .
Méthodes de production industrielle : Dans les milieux industriels, l’this compound est produit en mélangeant de l’this compound avec du lactose, de l’amidon de maïs, de l’amidon pré-gélatinisé, du PVP, du saccharose et de l’amidon de carboxymethylsodium. Le mélange est ensuite granulé, séché et comprimé pour obtenir des comprimés d’this compound .
Analyse Des Réactions Chimiques
Types de réactions : L’acétazolamide subit diverses réactions chimiques, notamment l’oxydation, la réduction et la substitution. Le composé est connu pour son effet inhibiteur sur l’anhydrase carbonique, ce qui entraîne une diminution de la formation d’ions hydrogène et de bicarbonate à partir du dioxyde de carbone et de l’eau .
Réactifs et conditions courants :
Oxydation : L’hypochlorite de sodium (eau de Javel commerciale) est utilisé comme oxydant.
Réduction et substitution : Diverses amines, hydrazones et précurseurs de bis-amines sont utilisés dans la synthèse de nouveaux dérivés de sulfonamide.
Principaux produits formés : Les principaux produits formés à partir de ces réactions comprennent de nouveaux dérivés de sulfonamide présentant des propriétés antibactériennes et antioxydantes améliorées .
Comparaison Avec Des Composés Similaires
Sulfanilamide: An earlier discovered compound with similar enzymatic inhibitory activity but much less potent than acetazolamide.
Other Sulfonamide Derivatives: Various diuretics and anticonvulsants with minor to moderate carbonic anhydrase activity.
Uniqueness of Acetazolamide: Acetazolamide stands out due to its potent inhibitory effect on carbonic anhydrase, making it highly effective in treating a wide range of medical conditions. Its ability to act as a diuretic, anticonvulsant, and glaucoma medication highlights its versatility and importance in both clinical and research settings .
Propriétés
IUPAC Name |
N-(5-sulfamoyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)acetamide |
Source
|
|---|---|---|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI |
InChI=1S/C4H6N4O3S2/c1-2(9)6-3-7-8-4(12-3)13(5,10)11/h1H3,(H2,5,10,11)(H,6,7,9) |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI Key |
BZKPWHYZMXOIDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Canonical SMILES |
CC(=O)NC1=NN=C(S1)S(=O)(=O)N |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Molecular Formula |
C4H6N4O3S2 |
Source
|
| Record name | ACETAZOLAMIDE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
| URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/19702 | |
| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
| Explanation | CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data. | |
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Related CAS |
1424-27-7 (mono-hydrochloride salt) |
Source
|
| Record name | Acetazolamide [USP:INN:BAN:JAN] | |
| Source | ChemIDplus | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/?source=chemidplus&sourceid=0000059665 | |
| Description | ChemIDplus is a free, web search system that provides access to the structure and nomenclature authority files used for the identification of chemical substances cited in National Library of Medicine (NLM) databases, including the TOXNET system. | |
DSSTOX Substance ID |
DTXSID7022544 |
Source
|
| Record name | Acetazolamide | |
| Source | EPA DSSTox | |
| URL | https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID7022544 | |
| Description | DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology. | |
Molecular Weight |
222.3 g/mol |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Physical Description |
Acetazolamide appears as white to yellowish-white fine crystalline powder. No odor or taste. (NTP, 1992), Solid |
Source
|
| Record name | ACETAZOLAMIDE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
| URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/19702 | |
| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
| Explanation | CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data. | |
| Record name | Acetazolamide | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014957 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Solubility |
>33.3 [ug/mL] (The mean of the results at pH 7.4), less than 1 mg/mL at 72 °F (NTP, 1992), SPARINGLY SOL IN COLD WATER, SLIGHTLY SOL IN ALCOHOL, INSOL IN CHLOROFORM, DIETHYL ETHER, CARBON TETRACHLORIDE; SLIGHTLY SOL IN ACETONE, Readily soluble in 1 N sodium carbonate solution., In water= 980 mg/l at 30 °C., 2.79e+00 g/L |
Source
|
| Record name | SID855900 | |
| Source | Burnham Center for Chemical Genomics | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioassay/1996#section=Data-Table | |
| Description | Aqueous solubility in buffer at pH 7.4 | |
| Record name | ACETAZOLAMIDE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
| URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/19702 | |
| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
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| Record name | Acetazolamide | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00819 | |
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| Record name | ACETAZOLAMIDE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3002 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Acetazolamide | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014957 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Mechanism of Action |
The anticonvulsant activity of Acetazolamide may depend on a direct inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in the CNS, which decreases carbon dioxide tension in the pulmonary alveoli, thus increasing arterial oxygen tension. The diuretic effect depends on the inhibition of carbonic anhydrase, causing a reduction in the availability of hydrogen ions for active transport in the renal tubule lumen. This leads to alkaline urine and an increase in the excretion of bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, and water., Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors potently inhibit (IC50 for acetazolamide is 10 nM) both the membrane bound and cytoplasmic forms of carbonic anhydrase, resulting in nearly complete abolition of NaHCO3 reabsorption in the proximal tubule. /Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors/, Although the proximal tubule is the major site of action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, carbonic anhydrase also is involved in secretion of titratable acid in the collecting duct system (a process which involves a proton pump), and therefore the collecting duct system is a secondary site of action for this class of drugs. /Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors/, Acetazolamide frequently causes paresthesias and somnolence, suggesting an action of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in the CNS. The efficacy of acetazolamide in epilepsy is in part due to the production of metabolic acidosis; however, direct actions of acetazolamide in the CNS also contribute to its anticonvulsant action., ... Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase decreases the rate of formation of aqueous humor and consequently reduce intraocular pressure. /Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors/, For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for ACETAZOLAMIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
Source
|
| Record name | Acetazolamide | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00819 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | ACETAZOLAMIDE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3002 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
Color/Form |
CRYSTALS FROM WATER, WHITE TO FAINTLY YELLOWISH WHITE, CRYSTALLINE, POWDER | |
CAS No. |
59-66-5 |
Source
|
| Record name | ACETAZOLAMIDE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
| URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/19702 | |
| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
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| Record name | Acetazolamide | |
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| Record name | Acetazolamide [USP:INN:BAN:JAN] | |
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| Description | ChemIDplus is a free, web search system that provides access to the structure and nomenclature authority files used for the identification of chemical substances cited in National Library of Medicine (NLM) databases, including the TOXNET system. | |
| Record name | Acetazolamide | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00819 | |
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| Record name | acetazolamide | |
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| Record name | Acetamide, N-[5-(aminosulfonyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]- | |
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| Record name | ACETAZOLAMIDE | |
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| Record name | ACETAZOLAMIDE | |
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| Record name | Acetazolamide | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014957 | |
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Melting Point |
496 to 498 °F (effervescence) (NTP, 1992), 258-259 °C (EFFERVESCENCE), 260.5 °C |
Source
|
| Record name | ACETAZOLAMIDE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
| URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/19702 | |
| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
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| Record name | Acetazolamide | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00819 | |
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| Record name | ACETAZOLAMIDE | |
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| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3002 | |
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| Record name | Acetazolamide | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014957 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Synthesis routes and methods
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| Template Set | Pistachio/Bkms_metabolic/Pistachio_ringbreaker/Reaxys/Reaxys_biocatalysis |
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