Cimetidine
概要
説明
シメチジンは、胃酸の産生を阻害するヒスタミンH2受容体拮抗薬です。 主に、胸焼け、消化性潰瘍、逆流性食道炎(GERD)などの治療に使用されます . シメチジンは1971年に開発され、1977年に市販されました .
作用機序
生化学分析
Biochemical Properties
Cimetidine acts as a specific competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist . It interacts with histamine H2-receptors, blocking their function . This interaction plays a crucial role in its biochemical properties.
Cellular Effects
This compound has a potent inhibitory effect on histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion in rats and dogs . It influences cell function by blocking histamine H2-receptors in the gastric mucosa, thereby inhibiting gastric acid secretion .
Molecular Mechanism
The molecular mechanism of this compound involves its binding to histamine H2-receptors, acting as a competitive antagonist . This binding inhibits the function of these receptors, leading to a decrease in gastric acid secretion .
Temporal Effects in Laboratory Settings
In laboratory settings, this compound shows consistent inhibitory effects on histamine-stimulated gastric acid secretion over time . Its stability and long-term effects on cellular function have been observed in in vitro and in vivo studies .
Dosage Effects in Animal Models
The effects of this compound vary with different dosages in animal models . At therapeutic doses, it effectively inhibits gastric acid secretion, while at high doses, no additional therapeutic effects have been observed .
Metabolic Pathways
This compound is involved in metabolic pathways related to the histamine H2-receptor . It interacts with this receptor, influencing the metabolic flux of gastric acid secretion .
Transport and Distribution
This compound is distributed within cells and tissues via systemic circulation . It is transported to the gastric mucosa where it interacts with histamine H2-receptors .
Subcellular Localization
The subcellular localization of this compound is primarily at the cell membrane where histamine H2-receptors are located . Its activity is directed towards these receptors, inhibiting their function and thereby reducing gastric acid secretion .
準備方法
合成経路と反応条件: シメチジンは、さまざまな方法で合成できます。 一般的な方法の1つは、(5-メチル-1H-イミダゾール-4-イル)メタノールを硝酸エステルに変換し、次にN-シアノ-N'-メチル-N'-メルカプトエチルグアニジンエーテルと反応させてシメチジンを生成することです . 別の方法では、2-(4-メチルイミダゾール-4-イル)メチルチオエチルアミン塩酸塩を、塩基および脱硫剤の存在下で二硫化炭素と縮合させて中間体を形成し、次にモノメチルアミンとシアナミドと反応させてシメチジンを得ます .
工業生産方法: シメチジンの工業生産は、しばしば収率の最適化と環境への影響の最小化に重点を置いています。 たとえば、一部の方法では、環境に有害な揮発性のメチルメルカプタンを生成しません .
化学反応の分析
反応の種類: シメチジンは、酸化、還元、置換などのさまざまな化学反応を起こします。 肝臓のシトクロムP450酵素系の多くのアイソザイムを阻害することが知られています .
一般的な試薬と条件: シメチジンの合成に使用される一般的な試薬には、硝酸エステル、二硫化炭素、モノメチルアミン、シアナミドなどがあります . 反応条件は、通常、穏やかな温度と脱硫剤の存在を含むため、高収率と副生成物の最小化が保証されます .
生成される主要な生成物: シメチジンに関連する反応から生成される主要な生成物には、シメチジンスルホキシドとヒドロキシシメチジンがあります .
科学研究への応用
シメチジンは、幅広い科学研究への応用があります。 医学では、GERD、消化性潰瘍病、消化不良などの治療に使用されます . また、ヒスタミン媒介性の免疫調節を阻害することによって、潜在的な抗がん作用を有します . 化学では、シメチジンは反応速度論と光化学の研究に使用されます . さらに、多毛症や男性型脱毛症などの治療における抗アンドロゲン作用について調査されています .
科学的研究の応用
Cimetidine has a wide range of scientific research applications. In medicine, it is used to manage conditions like GERD, peptic ulcer disease, and indigestion . It also has potential anticancer activity by interfering with histamine-mediated immunomodulation . In chemistry, this compound is used to study reaction kinetics and photochemistry . Additionally, it has been explored for its antiandrogenic properties in treating conditions like hirsutism and androgenetic alopecia .
類似化合物との比較
シメチジンは、ラニチジンなどの他のH2受容体拮抗薬や、オメプラゾールやパンタプラゾールなどのプロトンポンプ阻害薬と比較されることがよくあります . これらの化合物はすべて胃酸分泌を減少させますが、シメチジンはシトクロムP450酵素を阻害する能力において独特です . この特性により、他の類似化合物とは異なり、薬物相互作用や副作用が少ない可能性があります .
類似化合物のリスト:- ラニチジン
- オメプラゾール
- パンタプラゾール
- ファモチジン
特性
IUPAC Name |
1-cyano-2-methyl-3-[2-[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methylsulfanyl]ethyl]guanidine | |
---|---|---|
Source | PubChem | |
URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI |
InChI=1S/C10H16N6S/c1-8-9(16-7-15-8)5-17-4-3-13-10(12-2)14-6-11/h7H,3-5H2,1-2H3,(H,15,16)(H2,12,13,14) | |
Source | PubChem | |
URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI Key |
AQIXAKUUQRKLND-UHFFFAOYSA-N | |
Source | PubChem | |
URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Canonical SMILES |
CC1=C(N=CN1)CSCCNC(=NC)NC#N | |
Source | PubChem | |
URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Molecular Formula |
C10H16N6S | |
Record name | CIMETIDINE | |
Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/20034 | |
Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
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Source | PubChem | |
URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
DSSTOX Substance ID |
DTXSID4020329 | |
Record name | Cimetidine | |
Source | EPA DSSTox | |
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Molecular Weight |
252.34 g/mol | |
Source | PubChem | |
URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Physical Description |
Cimetidine appears as white crystals with a slight sulfur-mercaptan odor. (NTP, 1992), Solid | |
Record name | CIMETIDINE | |
Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/20034 | |
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Record name | Cimetidine | |
Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014644 | |
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Solubility |
5 mg/mL at 68 °F (NTP, 1992), IN WATER AT 37 °C: 1.14%; SOLUBILITY INCR BY DIL HYDROCHLORIC ACID, Soluble in alcohol, 8.16e-01 g/L | |
Record name | CIMETIDINE | |
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Record name | Cimetidine | |
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Record name | CIMETIDINE | |
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Record name | Cimetidine | |
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URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014644 | |
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Mechanism of Action |
Cimetidine binds to an H2-receptor located on the basolateral membrane of the gastric parietal cell, blocking histamine effects. This competitive inhibition results in reduced gastric acid secretion and a reduction in gastric volume and acidity., H2 antagonists inhibit gastric acid secretion elicited by histamine & other H2 agonists in a dose-dependent, competitive manner; the degree of inhibition parallels the concentration of the drug in plasma over a wide range. The H2 antagonists also inhibit acid secretion elicited by gastrin &, to a lesser extent, by muscarinic agonists. Importantly, these drugs inhibit basal (fasting) & nocturnal acid secretion & that stimulated by food, sham feeding, fundic distention, & various pharmacological agents; this property reflects the vital role of histamine in mediating the effects of diverse stimuli. The H2 antagonists reduce both the volume of gastric juice secreted & its H+ concentration. The output of pepsin, which is secreted by the chief cells of gastric glands (mainly under cholinergic control), generally falls in parallel with the reduction in volume of gastric juice. /H2 antagonists/, Cimetidine blocks H2-receptors, which in part are responsible for the inflammatory response, in the cutaneous blood vessels of humans., The effects of cimetidine, omeprazole and atropine sulfate on the healing of acetic acid-induced gastric ulcers in rats with limited food intake time (9:00-10:00 am and 5:00-6:00 pm) were evaluated 15 days after the acid injection. Oral repeated admin of cimetidine (25-100 mg/kg twice daily) or omeprazole (10-50 mg/kg once daily) dose dependently accelerated ulcer healing. ... A single oral admin of omeprazole (50 mg/kg) or cimetidine (100 mg/kg) resulted in potent and long-lasting anti-acid secretory and gastrin-releasing actions. The degree and duration of anti-acid secretion by atropine sulfate were equal to those of cimetidine, but the elevation of gastrin release by atropine sulfate was weak and temporary. These results indicate that the gastric ulcers of rats with a limited food intake time are useful for evaluating the healing effects of cimetidine and omeprazole on gastric ulcers. In addition, the effects of both drugs may be related to the incr gastrin release rather than to the reduced acid secretion., Both KB-5492, a new anti-ulcer agent, and cimetidine, admin po at 25-200 mg/kg, dose-dependently prevented cysteamine (400 mg/kg, sc)-induced duodenal ulcers in rats with ED50 values of 63 and 40 mg/kg, respectively. Anti-ulcer doses of cimetidine, but not KB-5492, inhibited gastric acid hypersecretion induced by cysteamine (400 mg/kg, sc). In contrast, anti-ulcer doses of KB-5492, but not cimetidine, incr duodenal HC03- secretion in normal anesthetized rats. These findings suggest that KB-5492 prevents cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers by stimulating duodenal HC03- secretion, whereas cimetidine does so by inhibiting cysteamine-induced gastric acid hypersecretion. | |
Record name | Cimetidine | |
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Color/Form |
Crystals | |
CAS No. |
51481-61-9 | |
Record name | CIMETIDINE | |
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Record name | Cimetidine | |
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Record name | Cimetidine [USAN:USP:INN:BAN:JAN] | |
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Record name | Cimetidine | |
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Record name | Cimetidine | |
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Record name | Cimetidine | |
Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014644 | |
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Melting Point |
284 to 290 °F (NTP, 1992), 141-143 °C, 142 °C | |
Record name | CIMETIDINE | |
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Record name | Cimetidine | |
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Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
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Retrosynthesis Analysis
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Strategy Settings
Precursor scoring | Relevance Heuristic |
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Min. plausibility | 0.01 |
Model | Template_relevance |
Template Set | Pistachio/Bkms_metabolic/Pistachio_ringbreaker/Reaxys/Reaxys_biocatalysis |
Top-N result to add to graph | 6 |
Feasible Synthetic Routes
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