molecular formula C20H22ClN3O B018356 阿莫地喹 CAS No. 86-42-0

阿莫地喹

货号: B018356
CAS 编号: 86-42-0
分子量: 355.9 g/mol
InChI 键: OVCDSSHSILBFBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
注意: 仅供研究使用。不适用于人类或兽医用途。
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作用机制

阿莫地喹通过抑制疟原虫中的血红素聚合酶活性来发挥抗疟疾作用。这种抑制会导致游离血红素的积累,这对疟原虫有毒。 该药物与游离血红素结合,阻止疟原虫将其转化为毒性较低的形式,从而破坏膜功能并导致疟原虫死亡 . 主要分子靶点是Fe(II)-原卟啉IX .

生化分析

Biochemical Properties

Amodiaquine interacts with various biomolecules in its role as an antimalarial agent. The mechanism of plasmodicidal action of amodiaquine is not completely certain. Like other quinoline derivatives, it is thought to inhibit heme polymerase activity . This results in the accumulation of free heme, which is toxic to the parasites. Amodiaquine binds the free heme, preventing the parasite from converting it to a form less toxic . This drug-heme complex is toxic and disrupts membrane function .

Cellular Effects

Amodiaquine has significant effects on various types of cells and cellular processes. It is known to depress cardiac muscle, impair cardiac conductivity, and produce vasodilatation with resultant hypotension . It also depresses respiration and can cause diplopia, dizziness, and nausea .

Molecular Mechanism

The molecular mechanism of action of amodiaquine involves its interaction with free heme. Amodiaquine is thought to inhibit heme polymerase activity, leading to the accumulation of free heme . The drug then binds the free heme, preventing the parasite from converting it to a less toxic form . This drug-heme complex is toxic and disrupts membrane function .

Temporal Effects in Laboratory Settings

Amodiaquine has shown consistent effects over time in laboratory settings. A study of the pharmacokinetic properties of amodiaquine provided evidence of high cure rates with exposure to the drug being remarkably consistent across all age groups .

Dosage Effects in Animal Models

While specific studies on the dosage effects of amodiaquine in animal models are limited, it is known that the cardiovascular effects of amodiaquine have been recognized from the earliest studies in animal models .

Metabolic Pathways

Amodiaquine is bioactivated hepatically to its primary metabolite, N-desethylamodiaquine, by the cytochrome p450 enzyme CYP2C8 . This metabolite is largely responsible for the antimalarial effect of the drug .

Transport and Distribution

Amodiaquine is likely to be widely distributed into body tissues, particularly in the liver, spleen, kidney, lungs, brain, and spinal cord .

Subcellular Localization

The subcellular localization of amodiaquine is not well characterized. Given its mechanism of action, it is likely that amodiaquine and its active metabolite are localized in the cytoplasm where they can interact with free heme .

准备方法

合成路线和反应条件

阿莫地喹通过多步合成过程制备,该过程涉及在碱存在下,4,7-二氯喹啉与4-氨基苯酚反应。 反应通过亲核芳香取代进行,生成中间体化合物,然后与二乙胺进一步反应生成阿莫地喹 .

工业生产方法

阿莫地喹的工业生产涉及使用与实验室合成类似的反应条件进行大规模合成。 该工艺针对高产率和高纯度进行了优化,并采取严格的质量控制措施,以确保最终产品符合药典标准 .

化学反应分析

反应类型

阿莫地喹会发生各种化学反应,包括:

常用试剂和条件

主要形成的产物

阿莫地喹氧化形成的主要产物是N-脱乙酰阿莫地喹,它保留了抗疟疾活性 .

属性

IUPAC Name

4-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]-2-(diethylaminomethyl)phenol
Source PubChem
URL https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Description Data deposited in or computed by PubChem

InChI

InChI=1S/C20H22ClN3O/c1-3-24(4-2)13-14-11-16(6-8-20(14)25)23-18-9-10-22-19-12-15(21)5-7-17(18)19/h5-12,25H,3-4,13H2,1-2H3,(H,22,23)
Source PubChem
URL https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Description Data deposited in or computed by PubChem

InChI Key

OVCDSSHSILBFBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Source PubChem
URL https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Description Data deposited in or computed by PubChem

Canonical SMILES

CCN(CC)CC1=C(C=CC(=C1)NC2=C3C=CC(=CC3=NC=C2)Cl)O
Source PubChem
URL https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Description Data deposited in or computed by PubChem

Molecular Formula

C20H22ClN3O
Source PubChem
URL https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Description Data deposited in or computed by PubChem

DSSTOX Substance ID

DTXSID2022597
Record name Amodiaquine
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Molecular Weight

355.9 g/mol
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Physical Description

Solid
Record name Amodiaquine
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Solubility

24.9 [ug/mL] (The mean of the results at pH 7.4), 8.80e-03 g/L
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Mechanism of Action

The mechanism of plasmodicidal action of amodiaquine is not completely certain. Like other quinoline derivatives, it is thought to inhibit heme polymerase activity. This results in accumulation of free heme, which is toxic to the parasites. The drug binds the free heme preventing the parasite from converting it to a form less toxic. This drug-heme complex is toxic and disrupts membrane function., Amodiaquine is a Mannich base 4-aminoquinoline with a mode of action similar to that of chloroquine. It is effective against some chloroquine-resistant strains of P. falciparum, although there is cross-resistance., The 4-aminoquinoline derivatives appear to bind to nucleoproteins and interfere with protein synthesis in susceptible organisms; the drugs intercalate readily into double-stranded DNA and inhibit both DNA and RNA polymerase. In addition, the drugs apparently concentrate in parasite digestive vacuoles, increase the pH of the vacuoles, and interfere with the parasite's ability to metabolize and utilize erythrocyte hemoglobin. Plasmodial forms that do not have digestive vacuoles and do not utilize hemoglobin, such as exoerythrocytic forms, are not affected by /these medications/., The 4-aminoquinoline derivatives ... have anti-inflammatory activity; however, the mechanism(s) of action of the drugs in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus has not been determined. /4-aminoquinoline derivatives/ reportedly antagonizes histamine in vitro, has antiserotonin effects, and inhibits prostaglandin effects in mammalian cells presumably by inhibiting conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandin F2., The mode of action of amodiaquine has not yet been determined. 4-Aminoquinolines depress cardiac muscle, impair cardiac conductivity, and produce vasodilatation with resultant hypotension; they depress respiration and cause diplopia, dizziness and nausea.
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Color/Form

Crystals from absolute ethanol

CAS No.

86-42-0
Record name Amodiaquine
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Melting Point

206-208, 208 °C (decomposes), Yellow crystals from methanol. Melting point 243 °C. Slightly soluble in water and alcohol /Amodiaquine dihydrochloride hemihydrate/, 208 °C
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Record name Amodiaquine
Source Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)
URL http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014751
Description The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body.
Explanation HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications.

Retrosynthesis Analysis

AI-Powered Synthesis Planning: Our tool employs the Template_relevance Pistachio, Template_relevance Bkms_metabolic, Template_relevance Pistachio_ringbreaker, Template_relevance Reaxys, Template_relevance Reaxys_biocatalysis model, leveraging a vast database of chemical reactions to predict feasible synthetic routes.

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Strategy Settings

Precursor scoring Relevance Heuristic
Min. plausibility 0.01
Model Template_relevance
Template Set Pistachio/Bkms_metabolic/Pistachio_ringbreaker/Reaxys/Reaxys_biocatalysis
Top-N result to add to graph 6

Feasible Synthetic Routes

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