米索前列醇
描述
Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue used for various medical purposes, including the prevention and treatment of stomach and duodenal ulcers, induction of labor, abortion, and treatment of postpartum bleeding due to poor contraction of the uterus . It is a versatile compound with significant applications in medicine.
作用机制
Target of Action
Misoprostol is a synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). It primarily targets prostaglandin E1 receptors on parietal cells in the stomach and myometrial cells in the uterus . In the stomach, these receptors play a crucial role in the secretion of gastric acid, while in the uterus and cervix, they influence the strength and frequency of contractions and cervical tone .
Mode of Action
Misoprostol’s interaction with its targets leads to a series of changes. In the stomach, it reduces gastric acid secretion by inhibiting adenylate cyclase via G-protein coupled receptor-mediated action, leading to decreased intracellular cyclic AMP levels and decreased proton pump activity at the apical surface of the parietal cell . In the uterus, misoprostol causes strong myometrial contractions leading to the expulsion of tissue .
Biochemical Pathways
Misoprostol affects several biochemical pathways. It increases mucus and bicarbonate secretion and thickens the mucosal bilayer, enabling the mucosa to generate new cells . It also stimulates nitric oxide (NO) release, which in turn increases prostaglandin production during inflammation .
Pharmacokinetics
Misoprostol is extensively absorbed and rapidly converted by de-esterification to its active metabolite, misoprostol acid . Further metabolic conversion occurs via beta-oxidation of the alpha side chain, omega-oxidation of the beta side chain, and reduction to the prostaglandin F analogs . The elimination half-life is 20-40 minutes, and it is primarily excreted in urine . The route of administration significantly impacts the bioavailability of misoprostol .
Result of Action
The action of misoprostol results in several molecular and cellular effects. In the stomach, it protects the gastric mucosa from NSAID-induced ulcers by reducing gastric acid secretion . In the uterus, it induces labor, causes abortion, and treats postpartum bleeding due to poor contraction of the uterus . It also causes cervical ripening with softening and dilation of the cervix .
Action Environment
The action, efficacy, and stability of misoprostol can be influenced by various environmental factors. For instance, the route of administration can significantly impact its bioavailability and effectiveness . Moreover, the physiological state of the patient, such as pregnancy, can also affect the drug’s action .
科学研究应用
Misoprostol has a wide range of scientific research applications, including:
Chemistry: Used as a reagent in organic synthesis for the preparation of various prostaglandin analogues.
Biology: Studied for its effects on cellular processes and signaling pathways.
Industry: Utilized in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of various formulations and dosage forms.
生化分析
Biochemical Properties
Misoprostol acts upon gastric parietal cells, inhibiting the secretion of gastric acid by G-protein coupled receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylate cyclase, which leads to decreased intracellular cyclic AMP levels and decreased proton pump activity at the apical surface of the parietal cell . Misoprostol is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. The drug undergoes extensive and rapid first-pass metabolism (de-esterification) to form misoprostol acid .
Cellular Effects
Misoprostol has a significant impact on various types of cells and cellular processes. It reduces gastric acid secretion, increases bicarbonate and mucus secretion, and thickens the mucosal bilayer so the mucosa can generate new cells . Misoprostol also stimulates prostaglandin receptors in the uterus and cervix, increasing the strength and frequency of contractions and decreasing cervical tone .
Molecular Mechanism
Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog that stimulates prostaglandin E1 receptors on parietal cells in the stomach to reduce gastric acid secretion . It also increases mucus and bicarbonate secretion along with thickening of the mucosal bilayer so the mucosa can generate new cells .
Temporal Effects in Laboratory Settings
It is known that misoprostol is rapidly and almost completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration .
Dosage Effects in Animal Models
In animal models, misoprostol has been used to treat or prevent stomach ulcers due to NSAID use . It can also be used in combination with other medications to treat uterine infections, protect the kidneys, treat skin allergies, or to terminate pregnancy . The effects of misoprostol vary with different dosages in animal models .
Metabolic Pathways
Misoprostol undergoes extensive and rapid first-pass metabolism (de-esterification) to form misoprostol acid . Further metabolic conversion occurs over time via beta-oxidation of the alpha side chain, omega-oxidation of the beta side chain, and reduction to the prostaglandin F analogs .
Subcellular Localization
It is known that Misoprostol acts upon gastric parietal cells, suggesting that it localizes at least in part to these cells .
准备方法
Synthetic Routes and Reaction Conditions
Misoprostol is synthesized through a multi-step process starting from commercially available precursors. The synthesis involves the following key steps:
Formation of the cyclopentane ring: This step involves the cyclization of a suitable precursor to form the cyclopentane ring structure.
Introduction of the hydroxyl groups: Hydroxyl groups are introduced at specific positions on the cyclopentane ring through selective hydroxylation reactions.
Esterification: The hydroxylated cyclopentane intermediate is esterified to form the final misoprostol structure.
Industrial Production Methods
Industrial production of misoprostol involves large-scale synthesis using optimized reaction conditions to ensure high yield and purity. The process typically includes:
Batch or continuous flow reactors: These reactors are used to carry out the cyclization and hydroxylation reactions under controlled conditions.
Purification steps: The crude product is purified using techniques such as crystallization, distillation, and chromatography to obtain high-purity misoprostol.
化学反应分析
Types of Reactions
Misoprostol undergoes various chemical reactions, including:
Oxidation: Misoprostol can be oxidized to form corresponding ketones and aldehydes.
Reduction: Reduction reactions can convert misoprostol to its corresponding alcohols.
Substitution: Misoprostol can undergo substitution reactions where functional groups are replaced with other groups.
Common Reagents and Conditions
Oxidizing agents: Common oxidizing agents include potassium permanganate and chromium trioxide.
Reducing agents: Sodium borohydride and lithium aluminum hydride are commonly used reducing agents.
Substitution reagents: Halogenating agents such as thionyl chloride and phosphorus tribromide are used for substitution reactions.
Major Products
Oxidation products: Ketones and aldehydes.
Reduction products: Alcohols.
Substitution products: Halogenated derivatives.
相似化合物的比较
Misoprostol is compared with other prostaglandin analogues such as gemeprost and isosorbide mononitrate:
Gemeprost: Similar to misoprostol, gemeprost is used for labor induction and abortion.
Isosorbide mononitrate: Used in combination with misoprostol for enhanced efficacy in medical abortion.
Similar Compounds
- Gemeprost
- Isosorbide mononitrate
- Dinoprostone
- Carboprost
Misoprostol’s unique properties and wide range of applications make it a valuable compound in both research and clinical settings.
属性
IUPAC Name |
methyl 7-[(1R,2R,3R)-3-hydroxy-2-[(E)-4-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-enyl]-5-oxocyclopentyl]heptanoate |
Source
|
|---|---|---|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI |
InChI=1S/C22H38O5/c1-4-5-14-22(2,26)15-10-12-18-17(19(23)16-20(18)24)11-8-6-7-9-13-21(25)27-3/h10,12,17-18,20,24,26H,4-9,11,13-16H2,1-3H3/b12-10+/t17-,18-,20-,22?/m1/s1 |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI Key |
OJLOPKGSLYJEMD-URPKTTJQSA-N |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Canonical SMILES |
CCCCC(C)(CC=CC1C(CC(=O)C1CCCCCCC(=O)OC)O)O |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Isomeric SMILES |
CCCCC(C)(C/C=C/[C@H]1[C@@H](CC(=O)[C@@H]1CCCCCCC(=O)OC)O)O |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Molecular Formula |
C22H38O5 |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
DSSTOX Substance ID |
DTXSID7020897 |
Source
|
| Record name | Misoprostol | |
| Source | EPA DSSTox | |
| URL | https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID7020897 | |
| Description | DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology. | |
Molecular Weight |
382.5 g/mol |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Physical Description |
Liquid |
Source
|
| Record name | Misoprostol | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0015064 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Solubility |
1.6mg/mL, Water-soluble, 1.64e-02 g/L |
Source
|
| Record name | Misoprostol | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00929 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | MISOPROSTOL | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3573 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Misoprostol | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0015064 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Mechanism of Action |
Misoprostol is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analog that stimulates prostaglandin E1 receptors on parietal cells in the stomach to reduce gastric acid secretion. Mucus and bicarbonate secretion are also increased along with thickening of the mucosal bilayer so the mucosa can generate new cells. Misoprostol binds to smooth muscle cells in the uterine lining to increase the strength and frequency of contractions as well as degrade collagen and reduce cervical tone., Misoprostol enhances natural gastromucosal defense mechanisms and healing in acid-related disorders, probably by increasing production of gastric mucus and mucosal secretion of bicarbonate., Misoprostol inhibits basal and nocturnal gastric acid secretion by direct action on the parietal cells; also inhibits gastric acid secretion stimulated by food, histamine, and pentagastrin. It decreases pepsin secretion under basal, but not histamine stimulation. Misoprostol has no significant effect on fasting or postprandial gastrin or intrinsic factor output. |
Source
|
| Record name | Misoprostol | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00929 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | MISOPROSTOL | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3573 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
Color/Form |
Light yellow oil, Viscous liquid | |
CAS No. |
59122-46-2 |
Source
|
| Record name | Misoprostol | |
| Source | CAS Common Chemistry | |
| URL | https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=59122-46-2 | |
| Description | CAS Common Chemistry is an open community resource for accessing chemical information. Nearly 500,000 chemical substances from CAS REGISTRY cover areas of community interest, including common and frequently regulated chemicals, and those relevant to high school and undergraduate chemistry classes. This chemical information, curated by our expert scientists, is provided in alignment with our mission as a division of the American Chemical Society. | |
| Explanation | The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated. | |
| Record name | Misoprostol [USAN:USP:INN:BAN:JAN] | |
| Source | ChemIDplus | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/?source=chemidplus&sourceid=0059122462 | |
| Description | ChemIDplus is a free, web search system that provides access to the structure and nomenclature authority files used for the identification of chemical substances cited in National Library of Medicine (NLM) databases, including the TOXNET system. | |
| Record name | Misoprostol | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00929 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | Misoprostol | |
| Source | EPA DSSTox | |
| URL | https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID7020897 | |
| Description | DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology. | |
| Record name | Misoprostol | |
| Source | European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) | |
| URL | https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals | |
| Description | The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) is an agency of the European Union which is the driving force among regulatory authorities in implementing the EU's groundbreaking chemicals legislation for the benefit of human health and the environment as well as for innovation and competitiveness. | |
| Explanation | Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page. | |
| Record name | MISOPROSTOL | |
| Source | FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS) | |
| URL | https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/0E43V0BB57 | |
| Description | The FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS) enables the efficient and accurate exchange of information on what substances are in regulated products. Instead of relying on names, which vary across regulatory domains, countries, and regions, the GSRS knowledge base makes it possible for substances to be defined by standardized, scientific descriptions. | |
| Explanation | Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required. | |
| Record name | MISOPROSTOL | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3573 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Misoprostol | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0015064 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Melting Point |
261-263 |
Source
|
| Record name | Misoprostol | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00929 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
Retrosynthesis Analysis
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Strategy Settings
| Precursor scoring | Relevance Heuristic |
|---|---|
| Min. plausibility | 0.01 |
| Model | Template_relevance |
| Template Set | Pistachio/Bkms_metabolic/Pistachio_ringbreaker/Reaxys/Reaxys_biocatalysis |
| Top-N result to add to graph | 6 |
Feasible Synthetic Routes
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