Dexamethason
Übersicht
Beschreibung
Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid with potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant properties. It is widely used in the treatment of various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, as well as in the management of certain cancers. Dexamethasone is known for its ability to reduce inflammation and suppress the immune response, making it a valuable therapeutic agent in numerous medical conditions .
Wirkmechanismus
Target of Action
Dexamethasone is a glucocorticoid . Its primary targets are the glucocorticoid receptors located in almost every cell in the body . These receptors play a crucial role in regulating a wide array of physiological processes, including immune response and inflammation .
Mode of Action
Dexamethasone exerts its effects by binding to the glucocorticoid receptors . This binding leads to changes in gene expression that result in multiple downstream effects over hours to days . It decreases inflammation by suppressing neutrophil migration, reducing the production of inflammatory mediators, and reversing increased capillary permeability . It also suppresses the normal immune response .
Biochemical Pathways
Dexamethasone affects several biochemical pathways. It inhibits phospholipase A2, which controls the biosynthesis of major mediators of inflammation, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes . It also influences glycolysis and mitochondrial pathways, which are crucial for energy production and cellular function . Furthermore, it modulates kinesin-1 motor activity, which is essential for muscle regeneration .
Pharmacokinetics
Dexamethasone exhibits good bioavailability with 80–90% being absorbed when administered orally . It is primarily metabolized in the liver and has a biological half-life of 36 to 54 hours . Approximately 65% of the drug is excreted in the urine . Notably, the activity of CYP3A, an enzyme involved in its metabolism, can be induced by dexamethasone, leading to auto-induction and time-dependent pharmacokinetics .
Result of Action
The molecular and cellular effects of dexamethasone’s action are diverse. It reduces inflammation, alleviates pain, and suppresses immune response . It also promotes muscle regeneration and has been found to exert an analgesic effect . In the context of COVID-19, dexamethasone has been shown to reduce deaths by approximately one third in patients requiring ventilation and by one fifth in those requiring oxygen .
Action Environment
The action, efficacy, and stability of dexamethasone can be influenced by various environmental factors. For instance, the drug’s effectiveness for postoperative nausea and vomiting has been convincingly demonstrated, but additional studies are needed to properly investigate the potential adverse effects of dexamethasone, including in patients with diabetes . Furthermore, the drug’s impact on glycolysis and the mitochondria-related pathway during inflammatory pain may vary depending on the specific conditions of the inflammatory environment .
Wissenschaftliche Forschungsanwendungen
Dexamethason hat eine breite Palette von Anwendungen in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung:
Chemie: Als Referenzverbindung in der Analytischen Chemie für die Entwicklung neuer Analysemethoden verwendet.
Biologie: In Zellkulturstudien eingesetzt, um die Auswirkungen von Glukokortikoiden auf zelluläre Prozesse zu untersuchen.
Medizin: In der klinischen Forschung umfassend eingesetzt, um seine Wirksamkeit bei der Behandlung entzündlicher und Autoimmunerkrankungen sowie seine Rolle in der Krebstherapie zu untersuchen.
Industrie: In der Entwicklung von Arzneimittelverabreichungssystemen und Formulierungen eingesetzt, um die therapeutische Wirksamkeit von Glukokortikoiden zu verbessern
5. Wirkmechanismus
This compound übt seine Wirkung durch die Bindung an den Glukokortikoidrezeptor aus, eine Art von Kernrezeptor. Nach der Bindung transloziert der this compound-Rezeptor-Komplex in den Zellkern, wo er die Expression spezifischer Gene beeinflusst, die an entzündlichen und Immunreaktionen beteiligt sind. Dies führt zur Unterdrückung von proinflammatorischen Zytokinen und zur Hemmung der Leukozytenmigration zu Entzündungsherden. Darüber hinaus beeinflusst this compound verschiedene Stoffwechselwege, darunter den Glukosestoffwechsel und den Proteinkatabolismus .
Ähnliche Verbindungen:
Prednison: Ein weiteres Glukokortikoid mit ähnlichen entzündungshemmenden Eigenschaften, aber kürzerer Wirkungsdauer.
Hydrocortison: Ein natürlich vorkommendes Glukokortikoid mit geringerer Potenz im Vergleich zu this compound.
Betamethason: Strukturell ähnlich zu this compound, aber mit leicht unterschiedlichen pharmakokinetischen Eigenschaften .
Einzigartigkeit von this compound: this compound ist einzigartig aufgrund seiner hohen Potenz und langen Wirkungsdauer. Es ist deutlich potenter als Prednison und Hydrocortison, wodurch es in niedrigeren Dosen wirksam ist. Darüber hinaus trägt seine fluorierte Struktur zu seiner verbesserten Stabilität und Bioverfügbarkeit bei .
Biochemische Analyse
Biochemical Properties
Dexamethasone interacts with various enzymes, proteins, and other biomolecules. It is 6-hydroxylated by CYP3A4 to 6α- and 6β-hydroxydexamethasone . Dexamethasone is reversibly metabolized to 11-dehydrodexamethasone by corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2 and can also be converted back to dexamethasone by Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 1 .
Cellular Effects
Dexamethasone has profound effects on various types of cells and cellular processes. It impacts cellular DNA, thereby changing gene transcription . It also influences cell function, including any impact on cell signaling pathways, gene expression, and cellular metabolism .
Molecular Mechanism
Dexamethasone exerts its effects at the molecular level through binding interactions with biomolecules, enzyme inhibition or activation, and changes in gene expression . It binds to the glucocorticoid receptor, and the drug-receptor complex translocates to the nucleus and acts as a transcription factor for target gene expression .
Temporal Effects in Laboratory Settings
The effects of dexamethasone change over time in laboratory settings. For instance, dexamethasone dose-dependently decreases glucocorticoid receptor levels and inhibits the growth of certain cell lines .
Dosage Effects in Animal Models
The effects of dexamethasone vary with different dosages in animal models. For example, low-dose dexamethasone lessens injury and enhances the recovery process in animal models of traumatic brain injury by reducing neuroinflammation and promoting neuroprotective mechanisms .
Metabolic Pathways
Dexamethasone is involved in various metabolic pathways. It is extensively metabolized to 6-hydroxydexamethasone and side-chain cleaved metabolites in human liver both in vitro and in vivo with CYP3A4 responsible for the formation of 6-hydroxylated products .
Transport and Distribution
Dexamethasone is transported and distributed within cells and tissues. It is a lipophilic molecule that easily penetrates the cell membrane and binds to intracellular cytoplasmic glucocorticoid receptors .
Subcellular Localization
Dexamethasone and its receptor complex can translocate to the nucleus, affecting gene transcription . This subcellular localization is crucial for its activity or function .
Vorbereitungsmethoden
Synthesewege und Reaktionsbedingungen: Dexamethason wird durch einen mehrstufigen Prozess aus einfacheren Steroidvorläufern synthetisiert. Ein übliches Verfahren verwendet Prednisolon als Ausgangsmaterial. Die Synthese umfasst Schritte wie Fluorierung, Hydroxylierung und Methylierung, um die notwendigen funktionellen Gruppen einzuführen. Die Reaktionsbedingungen beinhalten typischerweise die Verwendung von Reagenzien wie Fluor-Gas, Wasserstoffperoxid und verschiedenen Katalysatoren, um die gewünschten Umwandlungen zu erreichen .
Industrielle Produktionsmethoden: Die industrielle Produktion von this compound erfolgt durch großtechnische chemische Synthese unter optimierten Reaktionsbedingungen, um eine hohe Ausbeute und Reinheit zu gewährleisten. Der Prozess umfasst strenge Reinigungsschritte wie Umkristallisation und Chromatographie, um das Endprodukt zu erhalten. Die Produktion erfolgt unter strenger Qualitätskontrolle, um die pharmazeutischen Standards zu erfüllen .
Analyse Chemischer Reaktionen
Arten von Reaktionen: Dexamethason unterliegt verschiedenen chemischen Reaktionen, darunter:
Oxidation: this compound kann oxidiert werden, um verschiedene Derivate zu bilden, die veränderte pharmakologische Eigenschaften haben können.
Reduktion: Reduktionsreaktionen können die Ketongruppen in this compound modifizieren und zu verschiedenen Analogen führen.
Substitution: Halogenierung und andere Substitutionsreaktionen können neue funktionelle Gruppen in das Dexamethasonmolekül einführen
Häufige Reagenzien und Bedingungen:
Oxidation: Wasserstoffperoxid, Kaliumpermanganat.
Reduktion: Natriumborhydrid, Lithiumaluminiumhydrid.
Substitution: Halogenierungsmittel wie Chlor oder Brom, verschiedene Katalysatoren
Hauptprodukte: Die Hauptprodukte, die aus diesen Reaktionen gebildet werden, umfassen verschiedene this compound-Derivate mit potenziellen therapeutischen Anwendungen. Diese Derivate können im Vergleich zur Ausgangssubstanz unterschiedliche pharmakokinetische und pharmakodynamische Eigenschaften aufweisen .
Vergleich Mit ähnlichen Verbindungen
Prednisone: Another glucocorticoid with similar anti-inflammatory properties but shorter duration of action.
Hydrocortisone: A naturally occurring glucocorticoid with less potency compared to dexamethasone.
Betamethasone: Structurally similar to dexamethasone but with slightly different pharmacokinetic properties .
Uniqueness of Dexamethasone: Dexamethasone is unique due to its high potency and long duration of action. It is significantly more potent than prednisone and hydrocortisone, making it effective at lower doses. Additionally, its fluorinated structure contributes to its enhanced stability and bioavailability .
Eigenschaften
IUPAC Name |
(8S,9R,10S,11S,13S,14S,16R,17R)-9-fluoro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one |
Source
|
|---|---|---|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI |
InChI=1S/C22H29FO5/c1-12-8-16-15-5-4-13-9-14(25)6-7-19(13,2)21(15,23)17(26)10-20(16,3)22(12,28)18(27)11-24/h6-7,9,12,15-17,24,26,28H,4-5,8,10-11H2,1-3H3/t12-,15+,16+,17+,19+,20+,21+,22+/m1/s1 |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI Key |
UREBDLICKHMUKA-CXSFZGCWSA-N |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Canonical SMILES |
CC1CC2C3CCC4=CC(=O)C=CC4(C3(C(CC2(C1(C(=O)CO)O)C)O)F)C |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Isomeric SMILES |
C[C@@H]1C[C@H]2[C@@H]3CCC4=CC(=O)C=C[C@@]4([C@]3([C@H](C[C@@]2([C@]1(C(=O)CO)O)C)O)F)C |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Molecular Formula |
C22H29FO5 |
Source
|
| Record name | DEXAMETHAZONE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
| URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/20100 | |
| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
| Explanation | CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data. | |
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
DSSTOX Substance ID |
DTXSID3020384 |
Source
|
| Record name | Dexamethasone | |
| Source | EPA DSSTox | |
| URL | https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID3020384 | |
| Description | DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology. | |
Molecular Weight |
392.5 g/mol |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Physical Description |
Dexamethazone is an odorless white to off-white crystalline powder with a slightly bitter taste. (NTP, 1992), Solid |
Source
|
| Record name | DEXAMETHAZONE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
| URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/20100 | |
| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
| Explanation | CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data. | |
| Record name | Dexamethasone | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0015364 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Solubility |
less than 1 mg/mL at 77 °F (NTP, 1992), Crystals; sol in water; max absorption (ethanol): 238-239 nm (e= 14,000); specific optical rotation: +57 deg/D (water); mp 233-235 °C; specific optical rotation: +74 +- 4 deg at 25 °C/D (water- and alc-free basis, 10 mg/mL) /21-phosphate disodium salt of dexamethasone/, ODORLESS OR HAS SLIGHT ODOR OF ALCOHOL; WHITE, OR SLIGHTLY YELLOW, CRYSTALLINE POWDER; 1 G DISSOLVES IN ABOUT 2 ML OF WATER; INSOL IN DIOXANE; SLIGHTLY SOL IN ALC; INSOL IN ETHER & CHLOROFORM; VERY HYGROSCOPIC /DEXAMETHASONE SODIUM PHOSPHATE/, Solubility in water (25 °C): 10 mg/100 mL; sol in acetone, ethanol, chloroform, In water, 89.0 mg/L at 25 °C, 5.05e-02 g/L |
Source
|
| Record name | DEXAMETHAZONE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
| URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/20100 | |
| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
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| Record name | Dexamethasone | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01234 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
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| Record name | DEXAMETHASONE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3053 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Dexamethasone | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0015364 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Mechanism of Action |
The short term effects of corticosteroids are decreased vasodilation and permeability of capillaries, as well as decreased leukocyte migration to sites of inflammation. Corticosteroids binding to the glucocorticoid receptor mediates changes in gene expression that lead to multiple downstream effects over hours to days. Glucocorticoids inhibit neutrophil apoptosis and demargination; they inhibit phospholipase A2, which decreases the formation of arachidonic acid derivatives; they inhibit NF-Kappa B and other inflammatory transcription factors; they promote anti-inflammatory genes like interleukin-10. Lower doses of corticosteroids provide an anti-inflammatory effect, while higher doses are immunosuppressive. High doses of glucocorticoids for an extended period bind to the mineralocorticoid receptor, raising sodium levels and decreasing potassium levels., Corticosteroids diffuse across cell membranes and complex with specific cytoplasmic receptors. These complexes then enter the cell nucleus, bind to DNA, and stimulate transcription of mRNA and subsequent protein synthesis of enzymes ultimately responsible for anti-inflammatory effects of topical application of corticosteroids to the eye. In high concentrations which may be achieved after topical application, corticosteroids may exert direct membrane effects. Corticosteroids decrease cellular and fibrinous exudation and tissue infiltration, inhibit fibroblastic and collagen-forming activity, retard epithelial regeneration, diminish postinflammatory neovascularization and reduce toward normal levels the excessive permeability of inflamed capillaries. /Corticosteroids (Otic)/, Glucocorticoids are capable of suppressing the inflammatory process through numerous pathways. They interact with specific intracellular receptor proteins in target tissues to alter the expression of corticosteroid-responsive genes. Glucocorticoid-specific receptors in the cell cytoplasm bind with steroid ligands to form hormone-receptor complexes that eventually translocate to the cell nucleus. There these complexes bind to specific DNA sequences and alter their expression. The complexes may induce the transcription of mRNA leading to synthesis of new proteins. Such proteins include lipocortin, a protein known to inhibit PLA2a and thereby block the synthesis of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and PAF. Glucocorticoids also inhibit the production of other mediators including AA metabolites such as COX, cytokines, the interleukins, adhesion molecules, and enzymes such as collagenase. /Glucocorticoids/, Corticosteroids diffuse across cell membranes and complex with specific cytoplasmic receptors. These complexes then enter the cell nucleus, bind to DNA (chromatin), and stimulate transcription of messenger RNA (mRNA) and subsequent protein synthesis of various inhibitory enzymes responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of topical corticosteroids. These anti-inflammatory effects include inhibition of early processes such as edema, fibrin deposition, capillary dilatation, movement of phagocttes into the area, and phagocytic activities. Later processes, such as capillary production, collagen deposition, and keloid formation also are inhibited by corticosteroids. The overall actions of topical corticosteroids are catabolic. /Corticosteroids (topical)/ |
Source
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| Record name | Dexamethasone | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01234 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | DEXAMETHASONE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3053 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
Color/Form |
Crystals from ether, WHITE TO PRACTICALLY WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER | |
CAS No. |
50-02-2, 23495-06-9 |
Source
|
| Record name | DEXAMETHAZONE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
| URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/20100 | |
| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
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| Record name | Pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, 9-fluoro-11,17,21-trihydroxy-16-methyl-, labeled with tritium, (11β,16α)- | |
| Source | CAS Common Chemistry | |
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| Record name | Dexamethasone | |
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| Description | CAS Common Chemistry is an open community resource for accessing chemical information. Nearly 500,000 chemical substances from CAS REGISTRY cover areas of community interest, including common and frequently regulated chemicals, and those relevant to high school and undergraduate chemistry classes. This chemical information, curated by our expert scientists, is provided in alignment with our mission as a division of the American Chemical Society. | |
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| Record name | Dexamethasone [USP:INN:BAN:JAN] | |
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| Record name | (3H)-Dexamethasone | |
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| Record name | Dexamethasone | |
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| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01234 | |
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| Record name | dexamethasone | |
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| Record name | Dexamethasone | |
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| Record name | Dexamethasone | |
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| Record name | DEXAMETHASONE | |
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| Record name | DEXAMETHASONE | |
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| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3053 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Dexamethasone | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0015364 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Melting Point |
504 to 507 °F (NTP, 1992), 260-264, 262-264 °C, 262 °C |
Source
|
| Record name | DEXAMETHAZONE | |
| Source | CAMEO Chemicals | |
| URL | https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/20100 | |
| Description | CAMEO Chemicals is a chemical database designed for people who are involved in hazardous material incident response and planning. CAMEO Chemicals contains a library with thousands of datasheets containing response-related information and recommendations for hazardous materials that are commonly transported, used, or stored in the United States. CAMEO Chemicals was developed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Response and Restoration in partnership with the Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Emergency Management. | |
| Explanation | CAMEO Chemicals and all other CAMEO products are available at no charge to those organizations and individuals (recipients) responsible for the safe handling of chemicals. However, some of the chemical data itself is subject to the copyright restrictions of the companies or organizations that provided the data. | |
| Record name | Dexamethasone | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB01234 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | DEXAMETHASONE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3053 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Dexamethasone | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0015364 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
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