001, Everolimus
Vue d'ensemble
Description
L’éverolimus est un dérivé de la rapamycine, connu pour ses propriétés immunosuppressives et antiprolifératives. Il est principalement utilisé pour prévenir le rejet d’organe chez les patients transplantés et pour traiter divers types de cancer, notamment le carcinome à cellules rénales et certains types de cancer du sein . L’éverolimus agit en inhibant la cible mammalienne de la rapamycine (mTOR), une protéine clé impliquée dans la croissance et la prolifération cellulaires .
Mécanisme D'action
L’éverolimus exerce ses effets en inhibant la voie mTOR, en ciblant spécifiquement le complexe protéique mTORC1. Cette inhibition perturbe les signaux de croissance, de prolifération et de survie cellulaires, ce qui conduit à une diminution de la croissance tumorale et à une modulation de la réponse immunitaire. Les cibles moléculaires comprennent diverses protéines impliquées dans la voie de signalisation PI3K/AKT/mTOR .
Composés similaires :
Sirolimus (rapamycine) : Le composé parent de l’éverolimus, utilisé à des fins thérapeutiques similaires, mais avec des propriétés pharmacocinétiques différentes.
Témisirolimus : Un autre inhibiteur de la mTOR avec un mécanisme d’action similaire, mais principalement utilisé pour traiter le carcinome à cellules rénales.
Unicité de l’éverolimus : L’éverolimus est unique en raison de sa biodisponibilité orale accrue et de son ciblage spécifique du complexe protéique mTORC1. Cette spécificité permet une inhibition plus efficace de la croissance et de la prolifération cellulaires, ce qui en fait un agent thérapeutique précieux en oncologie et en médecine de la transplantation .
Applications De Recherche Scientifique
Everolimus has a wide range of scientific research applications:
Chemistry: Used as a model compound for studying mTOR inhibitors and their chemical properties.
Biology: Investigated for its role in cell growth, proliferation, and survival pathways.
Medicine: Widely used in clinical settings to prevent organ rejection and treat cancers.
Industry: Utilized in drug-eluting stent technologies to prevent restenosis in cardiovascular treatments.
Analyse Biochimique
Biochemical Properties
Everolimus plays a crucial role in biochemical reactions by inhibiting the mTORC1 protein complex, which is involved in cell growth, proliferation, and survival. It interacts with several enzymes, proteins, and biomolecules, including FK506 binding protein 12 (FKBP12), mTORC1, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α). The interaction between Everolimus and FKBP12 forms a complex that binds to mTORC1, inhibiting its activity. This inhibition leads to a decrease in protein synthesis, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis .
Cellular Effects
Everolimus affects various types of cells and cellular processes. It influences cell function by inhibiting the mTORC1 pathway, which plays a critical role in cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism. Everolimus reduces the phosphorylation of downstream targets such as p70S6 kinase and 4E-BP1, leading to decreased protein synthesis and cell cycle progression. It also affects gene expression by downregulating HIF-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), resulting in reduced angiogenesis .
Molecular Mechanism
The molecular mechanism of Everolimus involves its binding to FKBP12, forming a complex that inhibits mTORC1. This inhibition disrupts the mTOR signaling pathway, leading to reduced protein synthesis, cell growth, and proliferation. Everolimus also affects other cellular processes such as autophagy, lipid biosynthesis, and mitochondrial biogenesis. By inhibiting mTORC1, Everolimus reduces the activity of S6 kinase and 4E-BP1, which are essential for protein translation and cell cycle progression .
Temporal Effects in Laboratory Settings
In laboratory settings, the effects of Everolimus change over time. Everolimus is stable under physiological conditions, but its degradation can occur in the presence of certain enzymes and environmental factors. Long-term studies have shown that Everolimus maintains its inhibitory effects on mTORC1, leading to sustained reductions in cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Prolonged exposure to Everolimus can result in adaptive resistance mechanisms, such as upregulation of alternative signaling pathways .
Dosage Effects in Animal Models
The effects of Everolimus vary with different dosages in animal models. At low doses, Everolimus effectively inhibits mTORC1 activity, leading to reduced cell proliferation and angiogenesis. At high doses, Everolimus can cause toxic effects, including immunosuppression, hyperlipidemia, and impaired wound healing. Studies in animal models have shown that Everolimus has a dose-dependent effect on tumor growth, with higher doses leading to greater inhibition of tumor progression .
Metabolic Pathways
Everolimus is involved in several metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. It interacts with enzymes such as hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase, leading to alterations in glucose metabolism. Everolimus impairs glucose utilization by reducing the activity of key glycolytic enzymes and decreasing the levels of intracellular glycometabolites .
Transport and Distribution
Everolimus is transported and distributed within cells and tissues through various mechanisms. It is a substrate of the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP3A4 and the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (PgP). Everolimus has a high volume of distribution and is extensively bound to plasma proteins. It is distributed to various tissues, including the liver, kidneys, and lungs. The transport and distribution of Everolimus are influenced by factors such as drug-drug interactions and genetic polymorphisms .
Subcellular Localization
Everolimus is localized in various subcellular compartments, including the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. It affects the activity and function of these organelles by modulating the mTOR signaling pathway. Everolimus enhances the expression of proteins involved in microtubule stabilization, such as tubulin beta 2B class IIb (TUBB2B) and doublecortin domain containing 2 (DCDC2), which play a role in maintaining cytoskeletal integrity .
Méthodes De Préparation
Voies de synthèse et conditions réactionnelles : L’éverolimus est synthétisé à partir de la rapamycine par une série de réactions chimiques. La principale voie de synthèse implique la réaction de la rapamycine avec le mono trifluorométhanesulfonate d’éthylène glycol sous l’influence d’une base organique. Cette réaction produit un composé intermédiaire, qui est ensuite soumis à une réaction d’élimination du groupe protecteur acétal en conditions acides pour produire de l’éverolimus .
Méthodes de production industrielle : La production industrielle de l’éverolimus suit des voies de synthèse similaires, mais est optimisée pour des rendements plus élevés et une rentabilité accrue. Le processus implique l’utilisation de réactifs peu coûteux et facilement disponibles, tels que le mono trifluorométhanesulfonate d’éthylène glycol, et comprend des étapes pour le recyclage de la rapamycine non réagie afin de garantir la qualité du produit et de réduire les coûts .
Analyse Des Réactions Chimiques
Types de réactions : L’éverolimus subit diverses réactions chimiques, notamment l’oxydation, la réduction et la substitution. Ces réactions sont essentielles pour son métabolisme et son action thérapeutique.
Réactifs et conditions courants :
Oxydation : Implique généralement l’utilisation d’agents oxydants comme le peroxyde d’hydrogène ou le permanganate de potassium.
Réduction : Souvent réalisée à l’aide d’agents réducteurs tels que le borohydrure de sodium ou l’hydrure de lithium et d’aluminium.
Substitution : Implique des réactifs nucléophiles ou électrophiles dans des conditions contrôlées.
Principaux produits : Les principaux produits formés à partir de ces réactions comprennent divers métabolites qui sont ensuite traités dans l’organisme pour exercer leurs effets thérapeutiques .
4. Applications de la recherche scientifique
L’éverolimus a une large gamme d’applications de recherche scientifique :
Chimie : Utilisé comme composé modèle pour étudier les inhibiteurs de la mTOR et leurs propriétés chimiques.
Biologie : Étudié pour son rôle dans les voies de croissance, de prolifération et de survie cellulaires.
Médecine : Largement utilisé dans les milieux cliniques pour prévenir le rejet d’organe et traiter les cancers.
Comparaison Avec Des Composés Similaires
Sirolimus (Rapamycin): The parent compound of everolimus, used for similar therapeutic purposes but with different pharmacokinetic properties.
Temsirolimus: Another mTOR inhibitor with a similar mechanism of action but used primarily for treating renal cell carcinoma.
Uniqueness of Everolimus: Everolimus is unique due to its enhanced oral bioavailability and specific targeting of the mTORC1 protein complex. This specificity allows for more effective inhibition of cell growth and proliferation, making it a valuable therapeutic agent in oncology and transplant medicine .
Propriétés
Numéro CAS |
159351-69-6 |
|---|---|
Formule moléculaire |
C53H83NO14 |
Poids moléculaire |
958.2 g/mol |
Nom IUPAC |
(1R)-1,18-dihydroxy-12-[1-[4-(2-hydroxyethoxy)-3-methoxycyclohexyl]propan-2-yl]-19,30-dimethoxy-15,17,21,23,29,35-hexamethyl-11,36-dioxa-4-azatricyclo[30.3.1.04,9]hexatriaconta-16,24,26,28-tetraene-2,3,10,14,20-pentone |
InChI |
InChI=1S/C53H83NO14/c1-32-16-12-11-13-17-33(2)44(63-8)30-40-21-19-38(7)53(62,68-40)50(59)51(60)54-23-15-14-18-41(54)52(61)67-45(35(4)28-39-20-22-43(66-25-24-55)46(29-39)64-9)31-42(56)34(3)27-37(6)48(58)49(65-10)47(57)36(5)26-32/h11-13,16-17,27,32,34-36,38-41,43-46,48-49,55,58,62H,14-15,18-26,28-31H2,1-10H3/t32?,34?,35?,36?,38?,39?,40?,41?,43?,44?,45?,46?,48?,49?,53-/m1/s1 |
Clé InChI |
HKVAMNSJSFKALM-VUDSBINYSA-N |
SMILES |
CC1CCC2CC(C(=CC=CC=CC(CC(C(=O)C(C(C(=CC(C(=O)CC(OC(=O)C3CCCCN3C(=O)C(=O)C1(O2)O)C(C)CC4CCC(C(C4)OC)OCCO)C)C)O)OC)C)C)C)OC |
SMILES isomérique |
CC1CCC2CC(C(=CC=CC=CC(CC(C(=O)C(C(C(=CC(C(=O)CC(OC(=O)C3CCCCN3C(=O)C(=O)[C@@]1(O2)O)C(C)CC4CCC(C(C4)OC)OCCO)C)C)O)OC)C)C)C)OC |
SMILES canonique |
CC1CCC2CC(C(=CC=CC=CC(CC(C(=O)C(C(C(=CC(C(=O)CC(OC(=O)C3CCCCN3C(=O)C(=O)C1(O2)O)C(C)CC4CCC(C(C4)OC)OCCO)C)C)O)OC)C)C)C)OC |
Apparence |
White to off-white solid powder |
| Everolimus is currently used as an immunosuppressant to prevent rejection of organ transplants. In a similar fashion to other mTOR inhibitors Everolimus' effect is solely on the mTORC1 protein and not on the mTORC2 protein. | |
Point d'ébullition |
998.7±75.0 °C at 760 mmHg |
melting_point |
N/A |
| 159351-69-6 | |
Pictogrammes |
Health Hazard |
Pureté |
>98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis) |
Durée de conservation |
Stable under recommended storage conditions. |
Solubilité |
Soluble in DMSO, not in water |
Stockage |
−20°C |
Synonymes |
001, RAD 40-O-(2-hydroxyethyl)-rapamycin Afinitor Certican everolimus RAD 001 RAD, SDZ RAD001 SDZ RAD SDZ-RAD |
Origine du produit |
United States |
Retrosynthesis Analysis
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Strategy Settings
| Precursor scoring | Relevance Heuristic |
|---|---|
| Min. plausibility | 0.01 |
| Model | Template_relevance |
| Template Set | Pistachio/Bkms_metabolic/Pistachio_ringbreaker/Reaxys/Reaxys_biocatalysis |
| Top-N result to add to graph | 6 |
Feasible Synthetic Routes
Q1: What is the mechanism of action of everolimus?
A: Everolimus is a potent inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), specifically mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) [, , ]. It acts by binding to the FKBP12 protein, forming a complex that inhibits the kinase activity of mTORC1.
Q2: What are the downstream effects of everolimus-mediated mTORC1 inhibition?
A2: Inhibition of mTORC1 by everolimus leads to a cascade of downstream effects, including:
- Reduced cell proliferation: Everolimus inhibits the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase (S6K) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1), key regulators of protein synthesis and cell cycle progression [, ]. This ultimately leads to reduced cell proliferation in various cell types, including tumor cells [, ].
- Inhibition of angiogenesis: Everolimus downregulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a crucial pro-angiogenic factor, thereby suppressing angiogenesis [, ].
- Modulation of immune response: While not a primary focus in the provided articles, mTORC1 inhibition by everolimus has been shown to influence T cell differentiation and function [].
Q3: What is the molecular formula and weight of everolimus?
A3: The molecular formula of everolimus is C53H83NO14, and its molecular weight is 958.2 g/mol.
Q4: Is there any information available about spectroscopic data for everolimus in these research papers?
A4: The provided research papers primarily focus on the clinical and biological aspects of everolimus and do not delve into detailed spectroscopic characterization.
Q5: What is known about the stability of everolimus?
A: Everolimus exhibits stability challenges, requiring careful consideration during formulation and storage [, , ].
Q6: What strategies can enhance the stability, solubility, or bioavailability of everolimus?
A6: Several formulation approaches are employed to improve everolimus's pharmaceutical properties:
- Solid dispersions: By dispersing everolimus within a matrix of inert carriers, its dissolution rate and solubility can be enhanced [].
- Nanoparticulate systems: Encapsulating everolimus in nanoparticles offers advantages such as improved solubility, controlled release, and potential for targeted delivery [, ].
- Cyclodextrin complexation: Forming complexes with cyclodextrins can increase everolimus's aqueous solubility, enhancing its bioavailability [].
Q7: How is everolimus absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME)?
A: Everolimus is an orally administered drug that demonstrates good absorption but substantial interindividual variability in its pharmacokinetics [, , , ].
- Absorption: Everolimus is well absorbed after oral administration, reaching peak concentrations in approximately 1-2 hours []. Food intake can influence its absorption [].
- Distribution: It exhibits a large volume of distribution, indicating extensive tissue distribution [].
- Metabolism: Everolimus is primarily metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 enzyme [, , ].
- Excretion: It is excreted predominantly in feces, with a small fraction eliminated in urine [].
Q8: How is the therapeutic drug monitoring of everolimus conducted?
A: Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of everolimus is routinely performed using validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods to measure drug levels in whole blood samples [, , ]. This information helps personalize dosage, manage drug interactions, and minimize toxicity.
Q9: Are there known drug interactions with everolimus?
A: Everolimus is a substrate of CYP3A4, and co-administration with CYP3A4 inhibitors or inducers can alter its blood levels [, , , ]. Dosage adjustments might be necessary when used concomitantly with these agents.
Q10: What in vitro and in vivo models have been used to study everolimus's anticancer activity?
A10: Everolimus's anticancer activity has been investigated in various in vitro and in vivo models, including:
- Cell-based assays: Researchers have employed cell proliferation assays, colony formation assays, and spheroid growth assays to assess everolimus's inhibitory effects on tumor cell growth [, , ].
- Animal models: Everolimus has demonstrated efficacy in preclinical animal models of various cancers, including renal cell carcinoma, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, and breast cancer [, , , ]. These models provide valuable insights into the drug's pharmacodynamic effects and potential for therapeutic benefit.
Q11: Are there clinical trials demonstrating the efficacy of everolimus in cancer treatment?
A11: Yes, several randomized controlled trials have established the efficacy of everolimus in specific cancer types:
- Renal cell carcinoma (RCC): Everolimus has shown significant clinical benefit in patients with advanced RCC who progressed on prior VEGF-targeted therapy, leading to its approval for this indication [, , , , ].
- Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs): Everolimus has demonstrated significant improvement in progression-free survival in patients with advanced pNETs, leading to its approval for this indication [, , ].
- Breast cancer: Everolimus, in combination with exemestane, has shown efficacy in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative metastatic breast cancer resistant to aromatase inhibitor therapy [, , ].
Q12: What are the known mechanisms of resistance to everolimus?
A12: Resistance to everolimus can develop through various mechanisms, including:
- Activation of alternative signaling pathways: Tumor cells may circumvent mTORC1 inhibition by activating alternative pro-survival and proliferative pathways, such as the PI3K/Akt pathway [, ].
- Mutations in mTOR pathway components: Mutations in genes encoding components of the mTOR pathway, such as mTOR itself or its downstream effectors, can contribute to resistance [, ].
Q13: Are there biomarkers to predict everolimus efficacy or monitor treatment response?
A13: Research is ongoing to identify reliable biomarkers for everolimus:
- FDG-PET SUV changes: Early changes in standardized uptake value (SUV) on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) scans might hold promise as a predictive biomarker for long-term benefit in patients with hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer treated with everolimus and exemestane [].
Q14: What are the alternatives and substitutes for everolimus?
A: Sirolimus (rapamycin), another mTOR inhibitor, shares a similar mechanism of action and has shown comparable efficacy in some clinical settings [, , ]. The choice between everolimus and sirolimus often depends on patient-specific factors, treatment history, and the specific clinical scenario.
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