Amitriptilina
Descripción general
Descripción
La amitriptilina es un antidepresivo tricíclico utilizado principalmente para tratar el trastorno depresivo mayor y diversos síndromes de dolor, como el dolor neuropático, la fibromialgia, la migraña y las cefaleas tensionales . Fue descubierta a fines de la década de 1950 por científicos de Merck y aprobada por la Administración de Alimentos y Medicamentos de los EE. UU. en 1961 . La this compound también figura en la Lista de Medicamentos Esenciales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud .
Mecanismo De Acción
El mecanismo de acción exacto de la amitriptilina no se comprende completamente. Se cree que funciona inhibiendo la recaptación de neurotransmisores como la norepinefrina y la serotonina, lo que aumenta su concentración en las hendiduras sinápticas del cerebro . La this compound también tiene fuertes propiedades anticolinérgicas y puede bloquear varios receptores periféricos, incluidos los receptores alfa-adrenérgicos, muscarínicos, histaminérgicos, nicotínicos y NMDA .
Aplicaciones Científicas De Investigación
La amitriptilina tiene una amplia gama de aplicaciones de investigación científica:
Química: Se utiliza como compuesto modelo en estudios de antidepresivos tricíclicos.
Biología: Investigado por sus efectos en los sistemas de neurotransmisores y la unión a receptores.
Industria: Utilizado en el desarrollo de nuevas formulaciones farmacéuticas y sistemas de administración de fármacos.
Análisis Bioquímico
Biochemical Properties
Amitriptyline works by increasing the synaptic concentration of serotonin and/or norepinephrine in the central nervous system by inhibiting their reuptake by the presynaptic neuronal membrane pump . This action prolongs the sympathetic activity of these biogenic amines .
Cellular Effects
Amitriptyline has been shown to interfere with the formation of aggresome-like aggregates and autophagy-mediated clearance of aggregates . It also has immunomodulatory effects, such as lowering the production of typical T H 2-cytokines in T lymphocytes of asthmatic mice .
Molecular Mechanism
Amitriptyline’s key mechanism of action lies in the elevation of extracellular biogenic amine levels, notably those of noradrenaline and serotonin, by its blockade of cellular noradrenaline and serotonin reuptake transporters . This response may underlie chronic amitriptyline action on dopamine and norepinephrine neurotransmission .
Temporal Effects in Laboratory Settings
You may have flu-like symptoms like feeling sick, muscle pain, and feeling tired or restless . To help prevent this from happening, your doctor will probably recommend reducing your dose gradually over several weeks .
Dosage Effects in Animal Models
In animal models, oral administration of amitriptyline provides a valid model for behavioral assessment of antidepressant-like effects . The effectiveness of oral amitriptyline varies depending on sex, duration of treatment, and the depression model used .
Metabolic Pathways
Amitriptyline is readily absorbed in the GI tract and subject to extensive hepatic metabolism with less than 5% of the drug eliminated unchanged . The main metabolizing enzymes with clinical significance for amitriptyline are CYP2C19 and CYP2D6 .
Transport and Distribution
Amitriptyline is transported and distributed within cells and tissues via absorption in the GI tract . It is subject to extensive hepatic metabolism .
Subcellular Localization
Given its mechanism of action, it is likely that Amitriptyline localizes to the synapses in neurons where it can inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine .
Métodos De Preparación
Rutas sintéticas y condiciones de reacción: La amitriptilina se puede sintetizar mediante varios métodos. Un método común implica la reacción de dibenzosuberona con dimetilamina en presencia de un agente reductor como el hidruro de litio y aluminio. La reacción procede a través de la formación de un intermedio, que luego se cicla para formar this compound .
Métodos de producción industrial: En entornos industriales, la this compound generalmente se produce mediante un proceso de síntesis de varios pasos que garantiza un alto rendimiento y pureza. El proceso implica el uso de técnicas avanzadas como la cromatografía líquida de alto rendimiento (HPLC) para la purificación y el control de calidad .
Análisis De Reacciones Químicas
Tipos de reacciones: La amitriptilina experimenta varias reacciones químicas, que incluyen:
Oxidación: La this compound se puede oxidar para formar su derivado N-óxido.
Reducción: La reducción de la this compound puede conducir a la formación de aminas secundarias.
Sustitución: La this compound puede sufrir reacciones de sustitución nucleofílica, particularmente en el átomo de nitrógeno.
Reactivos y condiciones comunes:
Oxidación: Los agentes oxidantes comunes incluyen peróxido de hidrógeno y perácidos.
Reducción: Los agentes reductores como el hidruro de litio y aluminio o el borohidruro de sodio se utilizan comúnmente.
Sustitución: Los nucleófilos como los haluros de alquilo o los cloruros de acilo se pueden utilizar en condiciones básicas.
Principales productos formados:
Oxidación: Formación de derivados N-óxido.
Reducción: Formación de aminas secundarias.
Sustitución: Formación de derivados de this compound sustituidos.
Comparación Con Compuestos Similares
La amitriptilina a menudo se compara con otros antidepresivos tricíclicos como:
Nortriptilina: Similar en estructura pero tiene menos efectos secundarios.
Desipramina: Conocido por su mayor selectividad para la inhibición de la recaptación de norepinefrina.
Imipramina: Utilizado para indicaciones similares, pero tiene un perfil de efectos secundarios diferente.
Doxepina: También se utiliza para la depresión y la ansiedad, pero tiene propiedades antihistamínicas adicionales
La this compound es única debido a su amplio espectro de acción, que afecta a múltiples sistemas de neurotransmisores y receptores, lo que contribuye a su eficacia en el tratamiento de una variedad de afecciones .
Propiedades
IUPAC Name |
N,N-dimethyl-3-(2-tricyclo[9.4.0.03,8]pentadeca-1(15),3,5,7,11,13-hexaenylidene)propan-1-amine |
Source
|
|---|---|---|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI |
InChI=1S/C20H23N/c1-21(2)15-7-12-20-18-10-5-3-8-16(18)13-14-17-9-4-6-11-19(17)20/h3-6,8-12H,7,13-15H2,1-2H3 |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI Key |
KRMDCWKBEZIMAB-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Canonical SMILES |
CN(C)CCC=C1C2=CC=CC=C2CCC3=CC=CC=C31 |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Molecular Formula |
C20H23N |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Related CAS |
17086-03-2 (pamoate (2:1)), 30227-34-0 (maleate (1:1)), 549-18-8 (hydrochloride) |
Source
|
| Record name | Amitriptyline [INN:BAN] | |
| Source | ChemIDplus | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/?source=chemidplus&sourceid=0000050486 | |
| Description | ChemIDplus is a free, web search system that provides access to the structure and nomenclature authority files used for the identification of chemical substances cited in National Library of Medicine (NLM) databases, including the TOXNET system. | |
DSSTOX Substance ID |
DTXSID7022594 |
Source
|
| Record name | Amitriptyline | |
| Source | EPA DSSTox | |
| URL | https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID7022594 | |
| Description | DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology. | |
Molecular Weight |
277.4 g/mol |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Physical Description |
Solid |
Source
|
| Record name | Amitriptyline | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014466 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Boiling Point |
410.26°C (rough estimate) |
Source
|
| Record name | Amitriptyline | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00321 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
Solubility |
freely soluble in water, In water, 9.71 mg/L at 24 °C, 4.50e-03 g/L |
Source
|
| Record name | Amitriptyline | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00321 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | AMITRIPTYLINE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3007 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Amitriptyline | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014466 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Mechanism of Action |
The mechanism of action of this drug is not fully elucidated. It is suggested that amitriptyline inhibits the membrane pump mechanism responsible for the re-uptake of transmitter amines, such as norepinephrine and serotonin, thereby increasing their concentration at the synaptic clefts of the brain,. These amines are important in regulating mood. The monoamine hypothesis in depression, one of the oldest hypotheses, postulates that deficiencies of serotonin (5-HT) and/or norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmission in the brain lead to depressive effects. This drug counteracts these mechanisms, and this may be the mechanism of amitriptyline in improving depressive symptoms. Whether its analgesic effects are related to its mood-altering activities or attributable to a different, less obvious pharmacological action (or a combination of both) is unknown., Acute and chronic effects of the antidepressant drugs tranylcypromine, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor, and amitriptyline, a monoamine uptake inhibitor, were studied on beta-adrenergic receptor function in mouse astrocytes in primary cultures. In clinically relevant concentrations, acute administration of either antidepressant drug had a direct inhibitory effect on the binding of the beta-adrenergic ligand dihydroalprenolol and on the isoproterenol-induced accumulation of cyclic AMP. However, in the absence of isoproterenol, these drugs enhanced the formation of cyclic AMP in the astrocytes. Chronic exposure to amitriptyline or tranylcypromine led to a decrease in isoproterenol-induced accumulation of cyclic AMP, and the time course for the development of this phenomenon was similar to that reported for whole brain in vivo. These findings suggest that these antidepressant drugs act as a partial agonists at beta-adrenergic receptors on astrocytes, and that the down-regulation of beta-adrenergic activity that occurs in vivo after chronic administration of antidepressant drugs may, to a large extent, take place in astrocytes and may result from the partial beta-agonist nature of the drugs., Astrocytes play important roles in guiding the construction of the nervous system, controlling extracellular ions and neurotransmitters, and regulating CNS synaptogenesis. Egr-1 is a transcription factor involved in neuronal differentiation and astrocyte cell proliferation. In this study, we investigated whether the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) amitriptyline induces Egr-1 expression in astrocytes using rat C6 glioma cells as a model. We found that amitriptyline increased the expression of Egr-1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The amitriptyline-induced Egr-1 expression was mediated through serum response elements (SREs) in the Egr-1 promoter. SREs were activated by the Ets-domain transcription factor Elk-1 through the ERK and JNK mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways. The inhibition of the ERK and JNK MAP kinase signals attenuated amitriptyline-induced transactivation of Gal4-Elk-1 and Egr-1 promoter activity. Our findings suggest that the induction of Egr-1 expression in astrocytes may be required to attain the therapeutic effects of antidepressant drugs., Antidepressants such as serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are frequently used for the management of neuropathic pain. Noradrenaline (NA) and serotonin (5-HT) increase in the spinal cord by reuptake inhibition is considered to be main mechanism of the therapeutic effect of antidepressants in neuropathic pain. In the present study, we examined the analgesic effects of duloxetine (SNRI) and amitriptyline (TCA) in a rat model of neuropathic pain induced by spinal nerve ligation (SNL). Intraperitoneal administration of duloxetine and amitriptyline dose-dependently (3,10 and 30 mg/kg) suppressed hyperalgesia induced by SNL. In vivo microdialysis in the lumbar spinal dorsal horn revealed that NA and 5-HT concentrations increased after intraperitoneal administration of duloxetine and amitriptyline (10 mg/kg, respectively). We further determined NA and 5-HT contents in homogenized samples from the ipsilateral dorsal spinal cord after SNL. Although the NA content in SNL rats 2 weeks after ligation was higher than that in SNL rats 4 weeks after ligation, the analgesic efficacy of duloxetine and amitriptyline was similar between two groups. The present study suggests that NA/5-HT increase in the spinal cord is crucial in the antihyperalgesic effect of duloxetine and amitriptyline. The plastic change of the descending noradrenergic system does not obviously affect the analgesic efficacy of duloxetine and amitriptyline., Recent studies show that neuronal and glial plasticity are important for the therapeutic action of antidepressants. Here, we demonstrated that amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, significantly increased GDNF mRNA and GDNF release in C6 cells. Furthermore, different classes of antidepressants increased GDNF release, but non-antidepressant psychotropic drugs did not. The amitriptyline-induced GDNF release was completely inhibited by U0126, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) inhibitor, but was not inhibited by H-89, a protein kinase A inhibitor or calphostin C, a protein kinase C inhibitor. These results suggest that the amitriptyline-induced GDNF release may be regulated through a MEK/MAPK pathway. Next, we examined the effects of monoamines on GDNF release, because antidepressants are known to increase monoamines. 5-HT increased GDNF mRNA and GDNF release, but noradrenaline and dopamine did not. The 5-HT-induced GDNF release was partially, but significantly, blocked by ketanserin, a 5-HT2A receptor antagonist. The 5-HT-induced GDNF release was completely inhibited by U0126, but was not inhibited by H-89 or calphostin C. These results suggest that the 5-HT-induced GDNF release was mediated through a MEK/MAPK pathway and, at least, 5-HT2A receptors. GDNF, as well as other neurotrophic factors, may contribute to explain the therapeutic action of antidepressants and suggest a novel strategy of pharmacological intervention., For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for AMITRIPTYLINE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page. |
Source
|
| Record name | Amitriptyline | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00321 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | AMITRIPTYLINE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3007 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
Color/Form |
Crystals | |
CAS No. |
50-48-6 |
Source
|
| Record name | Amitriptyline | |
| Source | CAS Common Chemistry | |
| URL | https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=50-48-6 | |
| Description | CAS Common Chemistry is an open community resource for accessing chemical information. Nearly 500,000 chemical substances from CAS REGISTRY cover areas of community interest, including common and frequently regulated chemicals, and those relevant to high school and undergraduate chemistry classes. This chemical information, curated by our expert scientists, is provided in alignment with our mission as a division of the American Chemical Society. | |
| Explanation | The data from CAS Common Chemistry is provided under a CC-BY-NC 4.0 license, unless otherwise stated. | |
| Record name | Amitriptyline [INN:BAN] | |
| Source | ChemIDplus | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/?source=chemidplus&sourceid=0000050486 | |
| Description | ChemIDplus is a free, web search system that provides access to the structure and nomenclature authority files used for the identification of chemical substances cited in National Library of Medicine (NLM) databases, including the TOXNET system. | |
| Record name | Amitriptyline | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00321 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | Amitriptyline | |
| Source | EPA DSSTox | |
| URL | https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID7022594 | |
| Description | DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology. | |
| Record name | Amitriptyline | |
| Source | European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) | |
| URL | https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.000.038 | |
| Description | The European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) is an agency of the European Union which is the driving force among regulatory authorities in implementing the EU's groundbreaking chemicals legislation for the benefit of human health and the environment as well as for innovation and competitiveness. | |
| Explanation | Use of the information, documents and data from the ECHA website is subject to the terms and conditions of this Legal Notice, and subject to other binding limitations provided for under applicable law, the information, documents and data made available on the ECHA website may be reproduced, distributed and/or used, totally or in part, for non-commercial purposes provided that ECHA is acknowledged as the source: "Source: European Chemicals Agency, http://echa.europa.eu/". Such acknowledgement must be included in each copy of the material. ECHA permits and encourages organisations and individuals to create links to the ECHA website under the following cumulative conditions: Links can only be made to webpages that provide a link to the Legal Notice page. | |
| Record name | AMITRIPTYLINE | |
| Source | FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS) | |
| URL | https://gsrs.ncats.nih.gov/ginas/app/beta/substances/1806D8D52K | |
| Description | The FDA Global Substance Registration System (GSRS) enables the efficient and accurate exchange of information on what substances are in regulated products. Instead of relying on names, which vary across regulatory domains, countries, and regions, the GSRS knowledge base makes it possible for substances to be defined by standardized, scientific descriptions. | |
| Explanation | Unless otherwise noted, the contents of the FDA website (www.fda.gov), both text and graphics, are not copyrighted. They are in the public domain and may be republished, reprinted and otherwise used freely by anyone without the need to obtain permission from FDA. Credit to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as the source is appreciated but not required. | |
| Record name | AMITRIPTYLINE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/3007 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Amitriptyline | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014466 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Melting Point |
196-197, 196 - 197 °C |
Source
|
| Record name | Amitriptyline | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00321 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | Amitriptyline | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014466 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
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Retrosynthesis Analysis
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