Ethosuximide
Übersicht
Beschreibung
Ethosuximide is a medication primarily used to treat absence seizures, a type of epilepsy. It belongs to the succinimide class of anticonvulsants and is known for its effectiveness in managing seizures without causing significant hepatotoxicity . This compound is taken orally and is generally well-tolerated, with common side effects including loss of appetite, abdominal pain, and fatigue .
Wirkmechanismus
Target of Action
Ethosuximide primarily targets the T-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels . These channels mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are involved in various calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division, and cell death .
Mode of Action
This compound works by binding to the T-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels . This binding action suppresses the paroxysmal three cycle per second spike and wave activity associated with lapses of consciousness, which is common in absence (petit mal) seizures . The frequency of epileptiform attacks is reduced, apparently by depression of the motor cortex and elevation of the threshold of the central nervous system to convulsive stimuli .
Biochemical Pathways
The biochemical pathways affected by this compound primarily involve the regulation of calcium ion flow within the nervous system . By blocking the T-type calcium channels, this compound stabilizes electrical activity in the brain, reducing the frequency of epileptiform attacks .
Pharmacokinetics
This compound exhibits excellent pharmacokinetic properties. After oral ingestion, it is rapidly absorbed with a bioavailability of >90% . Its volume of distribution is 0.7 L/kg, and it exhibits no plasma protein binding . This compound is extensively metabolized in the liver by hydroxylation (primarily by CYP3A and to a lesser extent by CYP2E and CYP2B/C) to form isomers of 2-(1-hydroxyethyl)-2-methylsuccinimide, of which at least 40% are glucuronide conjugates . Approximately 20% of an administered dose is excreted as unchanged this compound in urine . The plasma elimination half-life values of this compound are 40–60 hours in adults and 30–40 hours in children .
Result of Action
The primary result of this compound’s action is the suppression of absence (petit mal) seizures . By suppressing the paroxysmal three cycle per second spike and wave activity associated with these seizures, this compound reduces the frequency of epileptiform attacks .
Action Environment
The action of this compound can be influenced by various environmental factors. For instance, the presence of other antiepileptic drugs can affect the pharmacokinetics of this compound . Additionally, factors such as the patient’s age, liver function, and kidney function can also influence the drug’s efficacy and stability .
Biochemische Analyse
Biochemical Properties
Ethosuximide exerts its effects by interacting with T-type voltage-sensitive calcium channels . These channels mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are involved in various calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division, and cell death .
Cellular Effects
This compound influences cell function by suppressing the paroxysmal three-cycle per second spike and wave activity associated with lapses of consciousness, which is common in absence (petit mal) seizures . The frequency of epileptiform attacks is reduced, apparently by depression of the motor cortex and elevation of the threshold of the central nervous system to convulsive stimuli .
Molecular Mechanism
The molecular mechanism of this compound involves the antagonism of the postsynaptic T-type voltage-gated calcium channel . This action reduces the low threshold T-type calcium currents in thalamic neurons, which are involved in the spontaneous pacemaker oscillatory activity of thalamocortical circuitry .
Temporal Effects in Laboratory Settings
It is known that this compound is rapidly absorbed with a bioavailability of >90% . Its volume of distribution is 0.7 L/kg, and plasma protein binding is 0% .
Dosage Effects in Animal Models
In animal models, this compound has shown powerful analgesic effects through the blockade of T-type voltage-gated calcium currents in sensory neurons
Metabolic Pathways
Approximately 80% of this compound undergoes hepatic metabolism, mediated primarily by cytochrome P450 isoenzymes, with a major contribution from CYP3A and, to a lesser extent, from CYP2E and CYP2C/B . The remainder, around 20% of an administered dose of this compound, is excreted unchanged in the urine .
Transport and Distribution
After oral ingestion, this compound is rapidly absorbed with a Tmax of 1–4 hours . Its volume of distribution is 0.7 L/kg, indicating that it is distributed throughout the body .
Vorbereitungsmethoden
Ethosuximid kann durch verschiedene Verfahren synthetisiert werden. Ein üblicher Syntheseweg beinhaltet die Reaktion von Ethylacetoacetat mit Methylamin unter Bildung von 3-Ethyl-3-methyl-2,5-Pyrrolidindion . Die Reaktionsbedingungen umfassen typischerweise das Erhitzen der Reaktanten unter Rückfluss in Gegenwart eines geeigneten Lösungsmittels. Industrielle Produktionsverfahren umfassen oft ähnliche Synthesewege, jedoch in größerem Maßstab, mit zusätzlichen Reinigungsschritten, um sicherzustellen, dass das Endprodukt den pharmazeutischen Standards entspricht .
Analyse Chemischer Reaktionen
Ethosuximid unterliegt verschiedenen Arten von chemischen Reaktionen, darunter:
Reduktion: Obwohl Reduktionsreaktionen seltener sind, kann Ethosuximid unter bestimmten Bedingungen reduziert werden, um verschiedene Produkte zu ergeben.
Substitution: Ethosuximid kann an Substitutionsreaktionen teilnehmen, insbesondere am Stickstoffatom im Succinimidring.
Häufige Reagenzien, die in diesen Reaktionen verwendet werden, sind Oxidationsmittel wie Wasserstoffperoxid und Reduktionsmittel wie Natriumborhydrid. Die Hauptprodukte, die aus diesen Reaktionen entstehen, hängen von den jeweiligen Bedingungen und den verwendeten Reagenzien ab .
Wissenschaftliche Forschungsanwendungen
Ethosuximid hat eine große Bandbreite an Anwendungen in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung:
Wirkmechanismus
Ethosuximid entfaltet seine Wirkung, indem es T-Typ-spannungsabhängige Kalziumkanäle im Gehirn blockiert . Diese Kanäle spielen eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Erzeugung der rhythmischen elektrischen Aktivität in Neuronen. Indem Ethosuximid diese Kanäle hemmt, reduziert es das Auftreten abnormaler elektrischer Entladungen, die zu Anfällen führen . Das primäre molekulare Ziel von Ethosuximid ist die Alpha-1G-Untereinheit des T-Typ-Kalziumkanals .
Vergleich Mit ähnlichen Verbindungen
Ethosuximid gehört zur Familie der Succinimid-Antikonvulsiva, zu der auch Methsuximid und Phensuximid gehören . Im Vergleich zu diesen Verbindungen wird Ethosuximid zur Behandlung von Absencen bevorzugt, da es ein geringeres Risiko für Hepatotoxizität und ein besseres Nebenwirkungsprofil aufweist . Andere ähnliche Verbindungen sind Valproinsäure und Levetiracetam, die ebenfalls zur Behandlung von Anfällen eingesetzt werden, aber unterschiedliche Wirkmechanismen und Nebenwirkungsprofile aufweisen .
Ähnliche Verbindungen
- Methsuximid
- Phensuximid
- Valproinsäure
- Levetiracetam
Die einzigartige Fähigkeit von Ethosuximid, selektiv T-Typ-Kalziumkanäle zu blockieren, macht es besonders wirksam bei Absencen und unterscheidet es von anderen Antikonvulsiva .
Eigenschaften
IUPAC Name |
3-ethyl-3-methylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione |
Source
|
|---|---|---|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI |
InChI=1S/C7H11NO2/c1-3-7(2)4-5(9)8-6(7)10/h3-4H2,1-2H3,(H,8,9,10) |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
InChI Key |
HAPOVYFOVVWLRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Canonical SMILES |
CCC1(CC(=O)NC1=O)C |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Molecular Formula |
C7H11NO2 |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
DSSTOX Substance ID |
DTXSID7023019 |
Source
|
| Record name | Ethosuximide | |
| Source | EPA DSSTox | |
| URL | https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/DTXSID7023019 | |
| Description | DSSTox provides a high quality public chemistry resource for supporting improved predictive toxicology. | |
Molecular Weight |
141.17 g/mol |
Source
|
| Source | PubChem | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | |
| Description | Data deposited in or computed by PubChem | |
Physical Description |
Solid |
Source
|
| Record name | Ethosuximide | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014731 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Solubility |
Freely soluble in water, VERY SLIGHTLY SOL IN SOLVENT HEXANE, 1.01e+02 g/L |
Source
|
| Record name | Ethosuximide | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00593 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | ETHOSUXIMIDE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/1119 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Ethosuximide | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014731 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Mechanism of Action |
Binds to T-type voltage sensitive calcium channels. Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. The isoform alpha-1G gives rise to T-type calcium currents. T-type calcium channels belong to the "low-voltage activated (LVA)" group and are strongly blocked by mibefradil. A particularity of this type of channels is an opening at quite negative potentials and a voltage-dependent inactivation. T-type channels serve pacemaking functions in both central neurons and cardiac nodal cells and support calcium signaling in secretory cells and vascular smooth muscle. They may also be involved in the modulation of firing patterns of neurons which is important for information processing as well as in cell growth processes., Succinimide anticonvulsants are thought to increase the seizure threshold and suppress the paroxysmal three-cycle-per-second spike-and-wave pattern seen with absence (petit mal) seizures. The frequency of attacks is reduced by depression of nerve transmission in the motor cortex. These effects may be due to direct modification of membrane function in excitable cells and/or alteration of chemically mediated neurotransmission. The specific effect of ethosuximide against absence seizures appears to be due to its ability to block T-type calcium channels at concentrations that do not affect other ion channels. /Succinimide Anticonvulsants/, Ethosuximide reduces low threshold Ca(2+) currents (T currents) in thalamic neurons. The thalamus plays an important role in generation of 3 Hz spike-wave rhythms typical of absence seizures. Neurons in the thalamus exhibit a large amplitude T current spike that underlies bursts of action potentials and likely plays an important role in thalamic oscillatory activity such as 3 Hz spike-wave activity. At clinically relevant concentrations, ethosuximide inhibits the T current, as evident in voltage-clamp recordings in acutely isolated, ventrobasal thalamic neurons from rats and guinea pigs. Ethosuximide reduces this current without modifying the voltage dependence of steady-state inactivation or the time course of recovery from inactivation. By contrast, succinimide derivatives with convulsant properties do not inhibit this current. Ethosuximide does not inhibit sustained repetitive firing or enhance GABA responses at clinically relevant concentrations. Current data are consistent with the idea that inhibition of T currents is the mechanism by which ethosuximide inhibits absence seizures., Ethosuximide is an alternative medicament that is used for coupling of petit mal, especially in childhood. Some clinical observations show that it has secondary effects on the gastro intestinal tract (GIT). The present research tries to define the characteristics of Ethosuximide--the inducted secondary effects on the GIT, and to explain some of the possible mechanisms that cause them. The changes that occur in the GIT of patients cured with Ethosuximide are registered roentgenologically. The main change is the atony of the stomach and intestines and the reduced peristaltic activity. The influence of Ethosuximide is examined on smooth muscular samples of human stomach, taken in vitro using stomach resection. The medicament authoritatively reduce the spontaneous bioelectrical activity of the smooth muscular tissue, influences mainly it's components that have Ca+ nature. Together with that is indicated relaxation of the smooth muscular samples. In that research is expressed the thesis that this Ethosuximide reduction of the Ca(+)-influx in the smooth muscular cells and the related relaxation probably are one of the main reasons of the secondary effects on the GIT., Ethosuximide is one of the means of treatment of minor epilepsy but hardly any data on its mechanism of action are available in the literature. Anticonvulsant agents are known to bring about changes in the functions and in the interaction between some of the mediator systems within the central nervous system. An assessment of the status of neuromediator systems can be made on the basis of the response of isolated smooth muscle strips to the action of agonists and antagonists of various receptors. It was found by the pharmacological analysis of isolated strips from the rat stomach (antrum and corpus strips), the seminal duct and the cervical vein that ethosuximide induces a reduction in the physical contractile activity and the tone of smooth muscle preparations. Smooth muscle relaxation caused by ethosuximide is not blocked by different receptor inhibitors such as dihydroergotamine, propranolol, atropine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol and indomethacin. Ethosuximide causes a significant reduction in the physical contraction of smooth muscles produced by potassium chloride depolarization, with a stronger impact on the subsequent tonic contraction caused by calcium ions. A reduction in the potassium content of the solution has no effect on the nature of the action of ethosutimide. It is thus assumed that the probable mechanism of action of ethosuximide consists in lowering calcium transport since the inhibitors of calcium transport sodium nitroprusside and verapamil intensify the blocking effect of ethosuximide on smooth muscle contractile activity. |
Source
|
| Record name | Ethosuximide | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00593 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | ETHOSUXIMIDE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/1119 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
Color/Form |
Crystals from acetone and ether, WHITE TO OFF-WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER OR WAXY SOLID | |
CAS No. |
77-67-8 |
Source
|
| Record name | Ethosuximide | |
| Source | CAS Common Chemistry | |
| URL | https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=77-67-8 | |
| Description | CAS Common Chemistry is an open community resource for accessing chemical information. Nearly 500,000 chemical substances from CAS REGISTRY cover areas of community interest, including common and frequently regulated chemicals, and those relevant to high school and undergraduate chemistry classes. This chemical information, curated by our expert scientists, is provided in alignment with our mission as a division of the American Chemical Society. | |
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| Record name | Ethosuximide [USAN:USP:INN:BAN:JAN] | |
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| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/substance/?source=chemidplus&sourceid=0000077678 | |
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| Record name | Ethosuximide | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00593 | |
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| Record name | ethosuximide | |
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| Record name | ethosuximide | |
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| Record name | Ethosuximide | |
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| Record name | Ethosuximide | |
| Source | European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) | |
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| Record name | ETHOSUXIMIDE | |
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| Record name | ETHOSUXIMIDE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/1119 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Ethosuximide | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014731 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Melting Point |
64 - 65 °C, 64.5 °C |
Source
|
| Record name | Ethosuximide | |
| Source | DrugBank | |
| URL | https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00593 | |
| Description | The DrugBank database is a unique bioinformatics and cheminformatics resource that combines detailed drug (i.e. chemical, pharmacological and pharmaceutical) data with comprehensive drug target (i.e. sequence, structure, and pathway) information. | |
| Explanation | Creative Common's Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/legalcode) | |
| Record name | ETHOSUXIMIDE | |
| Source | Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) | |
| URL | https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/source/hsdb/1119 | |
| Description | The Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) is a toxicology database that focuses on the toxicology of potentially hazardous chemicals. It provides information on human exposure, industrial hygiene, emergency handling procedures, environmental fate, regulatory requirements, nanomaterials, and related areas. The information in HSDB has been assessed by a Scientific Review Panel. | |
| Record name | Ethosuximide | |
| Source | Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) | |
| URL | http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB0014731 | |
| Description | The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) is a freely available electronic database containing detailed information about small molecule metabolites found in the human body. | |
| Explanation | HMDB is offered to the public as a freely available resource. Use and re-distribution of the data, in whole or in part, for commercial purposes requires explicit permission of the authors and explicit acknowledgment of the source material (HMDB) and the original publication (see the HMDB citing page). We ask that users who download significant portions of the database cite the HMDB paper in any resulting publications. | |
Synthesis routes and methods
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